---
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet
- bigcode/starcoderdata
- open-web-math/open-web-math
- allenai/dolma
language:
- en
library_name: transformers
---
PhoneLM-1.5B is a 1.5 billion parameter decoder-only language model pre-trained on 1.1 trillion tokens.

## Usage
```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

model_name = 'mllmTeam/PhoneLM-1.5B'
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map='cuda', trust_remote_code=True)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)

inp = tokenizer("Machine Learning is ", return_tensors="pt")
inp = {k: v.to('cuda') for k, v in inp.items()}
out = model.generate(**inp, 
                     max_length=256,
                     do_sample=True,
                     temperature=0.7,
                     top_p=0.7
                     )
text = tokenizer.decode(out[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(text)
```
## Model Details

* **Developed by**: mllmTeam
* **Model type**: `PhoneLM 1.5B` models are auto-regressive language models based on the transformer decoder architecture.
* **Language(s)**: English
* **Paper**: [PhoneLM Technical Report]()
* **Library**: [PhoneLM](https://github.com/UbiquitousLearning/PhoneLM)

### Model Architecture

The model is a decoder-only transformer architecture with the following modifications:

| Hidden Size | Layers | Heads | Sequence Length |
|-------------|--------|-------|-----------------|
| 2560        | 19     | 16    | 2048            |

* **Position Embeddings**: Rotary Position Embeddings ([Su et al., 2021](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09864)) applied to the first 25% of head embedding dimensions for improved throughput following [Black et al. (2022)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.06745.pdf). PhoneLM quantized the sin and cos values in Rotary Position Embeddings to 8-bit integers.
* **Normalization**: LayerNorm ([Ba et al., 2016](https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.06450)) with learned bias terms as opposed to RMSNorm ([Zhang & Sennrich, 2019](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07467)).
* **Biases**: We remove all bias terms from the feed-forward networks and multi-head self-attention layers, except for the biases of the query, key, and value projections ([Bai et al., 2023](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.16609)).
* **ReLU Activation Function**: ReLU([Glorot et al., 2011](https://proceedings.mlr.press/v15/glorot11a/glorot11a.pdf)) activation functions are adopted in feed-forward networks.
* **Tokenizer**: We use the SmolLM([Allal et al., 2024](https://huggingface.co/blog/smollm))'s tokenizer with a vocabulary size of 49,152. 

## Training Dataset

The training dataset PhoneLM used is comprised of a filtered mixture of open-source large-scale datasets available on the [HuggingFace Hub](https://huggingface.co/datasets): DCLM-baseline([Li et al., 2024](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.11794)), StarCoder ([Li et al., 2023](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.06161)), OpenWebMath ([Paster et al., 2023](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06786)) and Dolma ([Soldaini et al., 2024](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.840/)).

## Evaluation Results
| Model | HellaSwag | WinoGrande | PIQA | SciQ | BoolQ | ARC Easy | ARC Challenge | Average |
|-----------|-----------|------------|------|------|-------|----------|---------------|---------|
| **PhoneLM-1.5B** | **66.9** | **63.0** | **77.3** | **88.8** | **65.5** | **69.7** | **39.9** | **67.31** |
| Pythia-1.4B | 52.0 | 57.2 | 71.1 | 79.2 | 63.2 | 53.9 | 28.3 | 57.84 |
| OPT-1.3B | 53.7 | 59.0 | 71.0 | 78.1 | 57.2 | 51.3 | 28.0 | 56.90 |
| BLOOM-1.1B | 43.0 | 54.9 | 67.2 | 74.6 | 59.1 | 45.4 | 25.6 | 52.83 |
| TinyLlama-1.1B | 59.1 | 58.9 | 73.0 | 82.3 | 58.6 | 55.7 | 31.0 | 59.80 |
| MobileLLaMA-1.4B | 56.1 | 59.4 | 73.0 | 81.9 | 56.7 | 55.8 | 30.3 | 59.03 |
| MobiLlama-1B | 62.2 | 59.3 | 74.8 | 82.8 | 60.3 | 56.4 | 31.7 | 61.07 |
| OpenELM-1.1B | 64.8 | 61.7 | 75.6 | 83.6 | 63.6 | 55.4 | 32.3 | 62.43 |
| DCLM-1.4B | 53.6 | 66.3 | 77.0 | 94.0 | 71.4 | 74.8 | 41.2 | 68.33 |
| SmolLM-1.7B | 49.6 | 60.9 | 75.8 | 93.2 | 66.0 | 76.4 | 43.5 | 66.49 |
| Qwen 1.5-1.8B | 60.9 | 60.5 | 74.2 | 89.4 | 66.5 | 59.1 | 34.7 | 63.61 |
| Galactica-1.3B | 41.0 | 54.4 | 63.8 | 87.7 | 62.0 | 58.6 | 30.5 | 56.86 |
| StableLM 2-1.6B | 68.8 | 64.1 | 75.1 | 76.9 | 80.0 | 60.3 | 39.2 | 66.34 |
| Cerebras-GPT-1.3B | 38.4 | 51.9 | 66.8 | 73.0 | 59.3 | 45.8 | 25.3 | 51.50 |
| MiniCPM-1B | 67.5 | 63.7 | 75.1 | 91.0 | 70.5 | 62.9 | 38.1 | 66.97 |
| MiniCPM-2B | 67.2 | 63.9 | 76.1 | 92.5 | 74.6 | 69.0 | 42.7 | 69.43 |
| Gemma-2B | 71.4 | 65.2 | 78.4 | 91.4 | 69.9 | 72.3 | 42.0 | 70.09 |
| Gemma 2-2B | 55.0 | 68.7 | 78.7 | 96.0 | 73.6 | 80.3 | 46.9 | 71.31 |

## License
* This repository is released under the [Apache-2.0](https://huggingface.co/mllmTeam/PhoneLM-1.5B/blob/main/LICENSE) License.

## Citation
```
@misc{yi2024phonelmanefficientcapablesmall,
      title={PhoneLM:an Efficient and Capable Small Language Model Family through Principled Pre-training}, 
      author={Rongjie Yi and Xiang Li and Weikai Xie and Zhenyan Lu and Chenghua Wang and Ao Zhou and Shangguang Wang and Xiwen Zhang and Mengwei Xu},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2411.05046},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.05046}, 
}
```