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Oreste Pinto (9 October 1889 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands – 18 September 1961 in London, England) was a Dutch counterintelligence officer and Lieutenant-Colonel. His activities during the Second World War, in which he worked with MI5 interrogating refugees to England, resulted in the capture of eight spies. Career During the Second World War, Pinto was an MI5 interrogator. He interviewed over 30,000 immigrants to the UK at the euphemistically named "London Reception Centre" in the Royal Victoria Patriotic Building in Wandsworth. In 1952, Pinto published two books, Spy-catcher and Friend or Foe?  These formed the basis of the 1959-1961 BBC television series Spycatcher, and also an earlier BBC Radio series, in both of which he was portrayed by Bernard Archard. A further book, Spycatcher 2, based on the series, was published in 1960. The 1962 Dutch programme De Fuik, in which Pinto was portrayed by Frits Butzelaar, was also derived from them. Dwight Eisenhower once described Pinto as "the greatest living authority on security". The Daily Telegraph referred to him as a "human bloodhound". Conversely, Guy Liddell stated in 1942 that he had been told by Leonard Burt that Pinto had "a thoroughly bad record". Pinto's career in intelligence began in 1913, when he was recruited by the Deuxième Bureau. He characterized himself as basically a generalist, with a knack for learning languages, skill in boxing and shooting ("I managed to reach amateur international standard,"), and being an excellent bridge player and a "local" zoologist. Works Spycatcher. Werner Laurie, 1952 Friend or Foe? Werner Laurie, 1953 Spycatcher 2. Four Square, 1963 Spycatcher 3. Four Square, 1967 References External links TIME review of Pinto's memoirs 1889 births 1961 deaths Dutch spies Dutch Sephardi Jews University of Paris alumni MI5 personnel Military personnel from Amsterdam

Ectoedemia algeriensis is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in Algeria, the Atlas mountains in Morocco and in southern France. The wingspan is 5-5.6 mm. Adults are on wing in June. There is probably one generation per year. The larvae feed on Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex, Quercus ilex rotundifolia and Quercus suber. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a contorted corridor, often following a vein for some distance. The frass is black and leaves narrow clear margins. External links Fauna Europaea bladmineerders.nl A Taxonomic Revision Of The Western Palaearctic Species Of The Subgenera Zimmermannia Hering And Ectoedemia Busck s.str. (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), With Notes On Their Phylogeny Nepticulidae Moths of Europe Moths of Africa Moths described in 1985

Erlinda Gaerlan Asturias-Aguilar (June 7, 1927 – May 20, 1992), popularity known as Alicia Vergel, was a Filipino actress, film producer, entrepreneur and politician. She was known for playing fiesty, strong-willed characters and was famous for her portrayals in films of varying genres. She was the first recipient of FAMAS Award for Best Actress and Maria Clara Award for Best Supporting Actress. Early career Vergel's film credits include Diwani opposite César Ramirez, MN with Carmen Rosales as her arch-enemy, Balisong with Ramon Revilla and Madame X with Gloria Romero as her daughter. She participated in the unfinished movie Bibingka'y masarap under Sampaguita Pictures in the late 40s. Her performance as Orang in Basahang Ginto won Vergel the first FAMAS Award for Best Actress in 1952. In 1977, she starred as the widowed and retired principal and teacher coping up with the demands of aging in Lotus Productions' "Inay" directed by Lino Brocka. The film was an entry in the Metro-Manila Film festival and earned her an acting nomination for lead actress. In 1987, she was seen in "Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig?" and essayed the role of Señora Pacing as Ricky Davao's aristocratic and strict grandmother. Personal life Vegrel had a child, Tomas Aguilar, known as "Boy Vergel" who was killed in a notorious street fight in 1962. She then married Sampaguita Pictures leading man César Ramirez. They had two children: Ace Vergel (known as "The Original Bad Boy of Philippine Movies"), and Beverly Vergel, actress, acting teacher and currently director of the ABS-CBN Center for Communication Arts, Inc. Vergel and Ramirez separated; Vergel married another man and had another child, Mike. During the late 80s until the early 90s, Mommy Alice as she was called was Barangay Captain in Barangay Manresa, Quezon City. Death Vergel died of natural causes in 1992. Legacy She was posthumously inducted to the Eastwood City Walk Of Fame Philippines in December 2006. Filmography 1937 - Teniente Rosario 1949 - Bibingka'y Masarap (Sampaguita Pictures) (unreleased) 1949 - Milagro ng Birhen ng mga Rosas (Sampaguita Pictures) 1949 - Teniente Ramirez (Sampaguita Pictures) 1950 - Huling Patak ng Dugo (Sampaguita Pictures) 1950 - Mapuputing Kamay (Sampaguita Pictures) 1951 - Bernardo Carpio as Luningning (Sampaguita Pictures) 1952 - Basahang Ginto as Orang (Sampaguita Pictures) 1952 - Hiram na Mukha (Sampaguita Pictures) 1952 - Madame X (Sampaguita Pictures) 1953 - Diwani (Sampaguita Pictures) 1954 - Aristokrata as Marieta Solomon (Sampaguita Pictures) 1954 - Eskandalosa 1954 - MN as Ada (Sampaguita Pictures) 1954 - Ukala: Ang Walang Suko (Sampaguita Pictures) 1955 - Artista (Sampaguita Pictures) 1955 - Balisong (Sampaguita Pictures) 1955 - Kuripot (Sampaguita Pictures) 1955 - Lupang Kayumanggi (Sampaguita Pictures) 1955 - Mambo-Dyambo (Sampaguita Pictures) 1956 - Taong Putik 1957 - Kahariang Bato 1957 - Maskara 1958 - Anak ng Lasengga 1958 - Cavalry Command as Laura 1958 - Obra Maestra (segment "Macao") 1960 - Kadenang Putik 1961 - Konsiyerto ng Kamatayan (segment "Noche Azul") 1965 - Tagani 1976 - Tatlong Kasalanan 1977 - Inay as the title character 1985 - Jandro Nakpil: Halang ang Kaluluwa 1985 - Victor Lopez Jr. 1987 - Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-Ibig? 1988 - Isusumbong Kita sa Diyos 1989 - Bakit Iisa Lamang ang Puso? 1990 - Mundo Man ay Magunaw References External links 1927 births 1992 deaths Filipino people of Spanish descent People from Ermita Actresses from Manila 20th-century Filipino actresses

ENAC may refer to: - the French civil aviation university Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) Italian Civil Aviation Authority () - School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering at EPFL

James de Peyster Ogden (August 26, 1790 – April 7, 1870) was an American merchant, and businessman. Early life Ogden was born in New York City on August 26, 1790, a scion of two well-known New York families. He was the only child of Dr. Jacob Ogden Jr. (1762–1802) and Mary Reade (née de Peyster) Ogden (1765–1790), who married in 1789. His mother died a few months after his birth and his father, who was "intimately known and esteemed by the great Washington," had studied medicine alongside Dr. David Hosack when both were students of Dr. Samuel Bard. His paternal grandparents were Jacob Ogden and Elizabeth (née Bradford) Ogden. His maternal grandparents were James Abraham de Peyster (a grandson of New York mayor Abraham de Peyster) and Sarah (née Reade) de Peyster (daughter of vestryman and politician Joseph Reade). Career Orphaned at age 11, he was adopted by a de Peyster aunt, who died shortly thereafter, and then he went to live with his uncle, Frederick de Peyster. Ogden then began his business career as a clerk with Van Horne & Clarkson, a mercantile firm in New York City, and then spent several years in Liverpool, England as an agent for LeRoy, Bayard and Company, another mercantile firm. During the administration of President Andrew Jackson, he held the post of U.S. consul for Liverpool. Ogden served as the first president of the Atlantic Dock Company, chartered by New York State on May 6, 1840. The company developed the Brooklyn harbor by erecting a docks, warehouses, and a basin for deep water ships which today is known as Red Hook and South Brooklyn. In 1845, he began his three year tenure as the first president of Nautilus Insurance Company (today known as New York Life), which had also been chartered in 1840. The company sold life, fire, and marine insurance, as well as insuring the lives of slaves for their owners (although the company voted to end the sale of insurance policies on slaves in 1848). Reportedly, he "deeply deplored the Civil War, and his sympathies were very strong with the South; yet he recognized the duty of opposing secession and exerted all his powers against it." He was a member and president of the Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York, an organization of men who are descended from early inhabitants of the State of New York, serving from 1850 to 1851, and again from 1856 to 1857. He was also a founding member of the New York Chamber of Commerce, of which he served as president of from 1842 to 1845. Personal life Ogden was married to Lavinia Beckwith. Together, they were the parents of three children, two sons and a daughter, namely Charles Richard Ogden (1840–1882), who married Bessie A. Jerome (d. 1918); James Ogden; and Mary Elizabeth Ogden, who married George Hyatt. Ogden died on April 7, 1870. His funeral was held at Trinity Church and he was buried at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. References External links Guide to the Atlantic Dock Company collection 1978.151 at the Brooklyn Historical Society Address to the Whigs of the state of New-York on abolition and agitation by James D. P. Ogden, 1850 1790 births 1870 deaths American people of Dutch descent De Peyster family Presidents of the Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery

The Chalana River is a river of Santa Catarina state in southeastern Brazil. It is part of the Uruguay River basin. See also List of rivers of Santa Catarina References Map from Ministry of Transport Rivers of Santa Catarina (state)

Saudi Arabia participated at the 2018 Asian Para Games which was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 6 to 13 October 2018. Saudi Arabian delegation was composed of 27 athletes who competed in 3 sports, namely athletics, powerlifting and wheelchair basketball. All its medals were won in the sport of athletics. Medalist Medal by Sport Medalist See also Saudi Arabia at the 2018 Asian Games References Nations at the 2018 Asian Para Games 2018 in Saudi Arabian sport

The 1934 World Archery Championships was the 4th edition of the event. It was held in Båstad, Sweden on 3–4 August 1934 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA). Medals summary Recurve Medals table References External links World Archery website Complete results World Championship World Archery International archery competitions hosted by Sweden World Archery Championships

Buttermilk Falls also known as Adriucha or Adriutha is a waterfall located on Yatesville Creek northeast of Currytown, New York. References Waterfalls of New York (state) Landforms of Montgomery County, New York Tourist attractions in Montgomery County, New York

The eighth season of the television series Dallas aired on CBS during the 1984–85 TV season. Cast Starring In alphabetical order: Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing (30 episodes) Linda Gray as Sue Ellen Ewing (30 episodes) Larry Hagman as J.R. Ewing (30 episodes) Susan Howard as Donna Culver Krebbs (29 episodes) Steve Kanaly as Ray Krebbs (30 episodes) Howard Keel as Clayton Farlow (26 episodes) Ken Kercheval as Cliff Barnes (30 episodes) Priscilla Beaulieu Presley as Jenna Wade (29 episodes) Victoria Principal as Pamela Barnes Ewing (30 episodes) Donna Reed as Miss Ellie Ewing Farlow (24 episodes), billed under "Also Starring" status for her first episode Charlene Tilton as Lucy Ewing Cooper (30 episodes) Also Starring Jenilee Harrison as Jamie Ewing Barnes (27 episodes) Deborah Shelton as Mandy Winger (27 episodes) Morgan Brittany as Katherine Wentworth (5 episodes), billed under "Special Guest Star" status for her final episode Dack Rambo as Jack Ewing (5 episodes) Leigh McCloskey as Mitch Cooper (4 episodes) Jared Martin as Steven "Dusty" Farlow (2 episodes) Audrey Landers as Afton Cooper (1 episode) Special Guest Stars Stephen Elliott as Scotty Demarest (11 episodes) Daniel Pilon as Naldo Marchetta (7 episodes) Notable guest stars In addition to several guest actors continuing to appear on the show, Burke Byrnes (Pete Adams) is added to the cast, and William Smithers (Jeremy Wendell) returns after a two-year absence. Sarah Cunningham also returns after four years, as Cliff and Pam's aunt, Maggie Monohan. Additionally Fredric Lehne (Eddie Cronin) and Kathleen York (Betty) appear in a major story-arc, although neither of them will return for subsequent seasons. Crew Showrunner Leonard Katzman, Arthur Bernard Lewis and David Paulsen remain the core writers, although Peter Dunne, in preparation for taking over showrunning duties during the following season, writes two episodes in place of Leonard Katzman. For the fourth consecutive year, the production team remains the same: Philip Capice serves as executive producer, Katzman as producer, Cliff Fenneman as associate producer, and writer Arthur Bernard Lewis as supervising producer. After two years as story editor, writer David Paulsen is now billed executive story editor. DVD release The eight season of Dallas' was released by Warner Bros. Home Video, on a Region 1 DVD box set of five double-sided DVDs, on February 12, 2008. In addition to the 30 episodes, it also includes the featurette "Dallas Makeover: Travilla Style". Episodes References General references External links 1984 American television seasons 1985 American television seasons Television shows set in New Braunfels, Texas Dallas (1978 TV series) seasons

KNK (; lit. "great" or "to be great") is a South Korean boy band formed in 2016. KNK is an initialism which stands for K-pop knock, meaning "to knock on the door of K-pop with their music." They held their debut showcase on February 29, 2016, and officially released their debut single album titled Knock on March 3, 2016. The group currently consists of three members, Inseong, Jihun and Dongwon. Youjin departed from the group on September 10, 2018, Seoham departed from the group on September 30, 2021, and Heejun departed from the group on January 13, 2022. History Pre-debut All five members of KNK were trainees of different companies before joining YNB Entertainment. They had a long training period, with an average of five years. As trainees, the members appeared in music videos of their label mate, Bestie. They also performed as backup dancers for the girl group. On December 15, 2015, a teaser video of the boys was uploaded on KNK's official YouTube channel. The following day, it was revealed that the group would perform at 2015 SBS Awards Festival (SAF) alongside Noel, Bestie and Almeng. On December 26, KNK performed for the first time to the public at SAF where they performed the two songs on their debut single album. On December 30, the band's first reality show, My Keunakeun Television, premiered on Naver TV Cast. YNB Entertainment opened their official Naver V app channel for the company's artists, including KNK, on January 8, 2016. Beginning on the first day of February, KNK had real-time broadcasts for almost every day via Naver V app as a countdown to their upcoming debut. The boys showed their daily rehearsals and preparations, as well as their album jacket photo shoot and the filming for their first music video. On February 22, the company announced via SNS that the group would debut with their first single album on March 3, 2016. On February 23 to 26, the band performed in several universities' freshman orientations. 2016–2018: Debut with Knock, Japanese debut, Mix Nine and new member On February 26, 2016, teaser for the music video of KNK's debut single "Knock" was released. The song was composed by production team ButterFly, led by Hwang Seong-je who composed BoA's "Atlantis Princess", Lee Soo-young's "Whistle to Me" and more, while the rap part was written by member Youjin. Furthermore, their choreography was helmed by Prepix's Ha Woo-shin and the music video was directed by Lee Ki-baek. Three days later, the band had their debut showcase at Ilchi Art Hall, Cheongdam-dong, Gangnam District, Seoul, where they performed their songs "Knock" and "Angel Heart", as well as TVXQ's "Love in the Ice" and Kim Kwang-seok's "On the Street". On March 1, KNK made their debut on The Show, the band's first performance on a television music show. Their single album and music video for "Knock" was officially released on March 3. The group had their first schedule outside of South Korea, and performed their debut single "Knock" at the 20th China Music Awards in Macau on April 15. KNK released their first digital single "I Remember" on May 16. The medium tempo R&B track was composed by Kim Tae-joo, who also produced Beast's "Good Luck", "12:30", and more. On May 23, YNB Entertainment announced the comeback of the group with their first extended play (EP), titled Awake, through KNK's official SNS channels. A group image teaser and individual photos for the EP was unveiled on May 24 and 25 respectively. Awake and the music video for title track "Back Again" was released at noon on June 2. All tracks were produced by Kim Tae-joo. The choreography for the house tempo dance track "Back Again" was arranged by Prepix's Ha Woo-shin while the choreography for the album's first track "Gone" was arranged by KNK's leader, Jihun. Awake peaked at number 14 on Billboard's World Album chart and the group was recognized by Billboard as one of the most promising K-pop debuts from the first half of 2016. On November 7, KNK's comeback with their second EP titled Remain was announced through their official SNS channels. The track list was also released on the 10th, revealing that Kim Tae-joo once again worked with KNK as the producer of the EP, while tracks "Goodbye" and "Tonight" were composed and written by members Youjin and Heejun respectively. On November 15, the music video teaser for the title track titled "U" was released, however it was announced the next day that the agency decided to dispose the music video due to quality issues. A representative stated that there were no plans to film it again. Remain was released on November 17, and KNK held their live comeback showcase the same day through Naver V Live, where they performed TVXQ's "Love in the Ice", as well as their new songs "I Know" and "U". On December 21, KNK was included on Billboard "10 Best New K-Pop Groups in 2016" list. In March 2017, KNK announced their first solo concert and the first stop of Asian tour. The two-day sold-out concert titled The F1rst Step was held on April 8–9 at the Shinhan Card Fan Square Live Hall in Seoul. It was then followed by concerts in Osaka, Tokyo and Taipei. On May 12, KNK announced their first comeback of the year by releasing a promotion plan poster of the group's second single album named Gravity. It features its lead single titled "Sun, Moon, Star", "Think About You" and "Love You". All songs were composed and written by Kim Tae-joo. Two days later, it was revealed that the choreography for the lead single was arranged by KNK's leader Jihun. The music video teaser for "Sun, Moon, Star" was released on May 22. Before the official release of the single album, KNK performed the lead single on the May 23 episode of The Show, and 24th on Show Champion. The album, along with the lead single's music video was released on the 25th. It was also released as a digital download on various music sites. On July 7, KNK confirmed another round of promotion with a reissue of Gravity, titled Gravity, Completed. On July 12–13, individual video teasers of the members were released, while the music video teaser for the title track titled "Rain" was uploaded on the 14th. The album, along with the music video for "Rain", was released on July 20. KNK also held their comeback stage on M Countdown the same day. In August, KNK confirmed to make their Japanese debut in October with a single titled "U / Back Again" that consists of their two previous released title tracks from their EPs Awake and Remain respectively. The CD single has three versions; Standard Edition, Limited Edition A and Limited Edition B. On October 3, the group released the performance video of "U (Japanese version)". The single album was officially released on October 11. On September 29, it was announced that the group had joined the JTBC and YG Entertainment survival show titled Mix Nine. KNK's agency posted a statement on their fan cafe to announce that they had received an offer from the producers of Mix Nine and after a long time of consideration and discussion by the agency and the group, it was decided that all the members would appear on the show. Three members—Park Seung-jun, Jeong In-seong and Oh Hee-jun passed the audition and competed with other contestants but was later eliminated and did not make it to the finale. On April 19, 2018, YNB Entertainment announced that KNK member Kim Youjin had been diagnosed with a panic disorder, and as a result of this, KNK would continue to promote temporarily as a 4-member group while Youjin focused on recovery. On April 28, 2018, YNB Entertainment announced on the official fancafe that members Kim Jihun, Jeong Inseong and Oh Heejun would release a digital single titled "한 끗 차이" at 6 p.m. KST the same day. On September 10, 2018, the members of KNK officially terminated their contracts with YNB Entertainment, but decided to stay together as a group excluding Kim Youjin, who left the group due to a panic disorder. An official has cited long-term managerial issues within YNB Entertainment as part of the reasons for the members leaving. On October 28, 2018, Member Park Seungjun announced he had changed his name to Park Seoham after his family was against him returning to his first name Park Gyeongbok. On December 19, 2018, a representative of KNK confirmed the group would be coming back with a new member, Lee Dongwon, and would be promoting as a 5-member group. On December 20, 2018, MyMusicTaste announced KNK would embark on a U.S. tour. The tour traveled to four cities, Los Angeles, Dallas, Chicago, and New York, from February 24 – March 3, 2019. 2019–present: Lonely Night, KNK S/S Collection, KNK Airline, and member departures On January 7, 2019, KNK released Lonely Night and made their first comeback featuring new member Lee Dongwon. "Lonely Night” is the title track to their third single album, which includes two other songs What do you think? and “Day by Day.” Heejun co-wrote the lyrics for the title track. Heejun and Jihun co-composed Day by Day. On June 19, 2019, MyMusicTaste announced KNK would embark on a European tour. The tour traveled to six cities, Berlin, Warsaw, London, Lisbon, Madrid and Paris from August 14–25, 2019. On July 15, 2019, KNK returned with their new track "Sunset." "Sunset" was produced by Nassun, who has produced songs for KARD, The track is part of their fourth single album KNK S/S Collection, and also includes the songs “We Are the One,” and Fade.” The unique choreography for "Sunset" representing the fall of Icarus was created by Men of the Future (MOTF). On August 11, 2019, Inseong appeared on the variety program, King of Masked Singer as the Astronaut. On October 23, 2019, it was announced KNK would launch a new self-produced variety program titled 웬만해선 크나큰을 막을 수 없다 (There's No Stopping KNK). On March 30, 2020, it was announced KNK would be launching a MAKESTAR project for its next comeback. The project was 100% funded within 10 minutes of opening. On September 17, 2020, KNK returned with their third EP KNK Airline and the title track "Ride". On September 30, 2021, 220 Entertainment announced Park Seoham's departure from the group. On October 16, 2021, Heejun made his solo debut with the digital single "Night". On January 13, 2022, 220 Entertainment announced Oh Heejun's departure from the group, as well as Jeong Inseong's enlistment for his mandatory military service on February 8. Members Dongwon () Inseong () Jihun () Former Youjin () Seoham () Heejun () Timeline Discography Extended plays Single albums Singles Filmography Reality show/Variety show My Keunakeun Television (2015–2017, Naver TV Cast) My Keunakeun Television 2 (2017–2018, Naver TV Cast) There's No Stopping KNK (2019–present, VLIVE>) Korean drama 20th Century Boy and Girl as Boys Be Ambitious (2017, MBC) Videography Music videos Concerts and tours Headlining KNK Live & Meet – The F1rst Step KNK Summer Live Tour in Japan 2017 – Here We Are KNK 2018 KNOCK KNOCK SUMMER!!! in Japan KNK Lonely Night Tour in USA KNK JAPAN TOUR 2019 -Move on- KNK Live Tour in Japan 2019 KNK Sunrise Tour in Europe Joint tours Happy New Year 2017! Super Live Snuper & KNK in Japan Awards and nominations Asia Artist Awards |- | 2016 | rowspan="2"|KNK | Most Popular Artists (Singer) – Top 50 | |- | 2017 | Most Popular Artists (Singer) – Top 50 | Mnet Asian Music Awards |- | rowspan="2"|2016 | rowspan="2"|KNK | Best New Male Artist | |- | Artist of the Year | Korean Culture Entertainment Awards |- | 2016 | KNK | K-pop Singer Award | Simply K-Pop Awards |- | 2016 | KNK | Best Rising Star Group Of 2016 | Golden Disk Awards |- | rowspan="2"|2017 | rowspan="2"|KNK |New Artist of the Year | |- | Popularity Award | Seoul Music Awards |- |rowspan=4|2017 |rowspan=4|KNK | New Artist Award | |- |Bonsang Award | |- |Popularity Award | |- |Hallyu Special Award | V Live Awards |- | 2017 | KNK | Global Rookie Top 5 | Korean Entertainment Arts Awards |- |2017 |KNK |Netizen Award | |- |2019 |KNK |Best Group | |- Soribada Best K-Music Awards |- | rowspan="2"|2017 | rowspan="2"|KNK | Music Star Awards | |- | Popularity Award | FANN STAR |- |2018 |KNK |Rising Star Award | |- References External links KNK at 220Entertainment K-pop music groups Musical groups established in 2016 South Korean boy bands 2016 establishments in South Korea South Korean pop music groups South Korean dance music groups Musical groups from Seoul South Korean musical quintets

The 1951 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University as an independent during the 1951 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach George K. James, the team compiled a 6–3 record and outscored its opponents 207 to 139. Vic Pujo was the team captain. Cornell played its home games at Schoellkopf Field in Ithaca, New York. Schedule References Cornell Cornell Big Red football seasons Cornell Big Red football

Edward McMahon (? – 1901) was an Irish Home Rule League politician. He was elected Home Rule Member of Parliament (MP) for Limerick City at a by-election in 1883 but did not seek re-election when the seat was reduced to one member in 1885. References External links UK MPs 1880–1885 1901 deaths Home Rule League MPs Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Limerick constituencies (1801–1922)

PS-29 Khairpur-IV () is a constituency of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh. General elections 2018 General elections 2013 General elections 2008 See also PS-28 Khairpur-III PS-30 Khairpur-V References External links Election commission Pakistan's official website Awazoday.com check result Official Website of Government of Sindh Constituencies of Sindh

Until 1 January 2007 Højreby was a municipality (Danish, kommune) on the island of Lolland in Storstrøm County in south Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 128 km², and had a total population of 4,049 (2005). Its last mayor was Jytte Frijs, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The site of its municipal council was the town of Søllested. Højreby municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with existing Holeby, Maribo, Nakskov, Ravnsborg, Rudbjerg and Rødby municipalities to form the new Lolland municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 892 km² and a total population of 49,469 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Sjælland ("Zealand Region"). External links Lolland municipality's official website (Danish only) References Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data) Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map Former municipalities of Denmark Lolland

MV Isle of Inisheer is a RoPax ferry owned by Irish Continental Group and operated by Irish Ferries. History Merchant Ferries The Inisheer was built in 2000 as the Northern Merchant by Astilleros Españoles S.A. in Seville, Spain for Merchant Ferries and was supposed originally to operate in the Irish Sea, likely between Liverpool and Dublin. However, the merger of Merchant Ferries with Norse Irish Ferries forming Norse Merchant Ferries caused the newly formed company to have excess capacity. Norfolkline As a result, the Northern Merchant instead was chartered to Norfolkline for their Dover-Dunkerque service. Through her time with Norfolkline, she gradually gained several modifications, most notably a cow-catcher and sliding bows instead of the typical ramps, and twin-level loading. She was replaced on the Dover-Dunkerque service in March 2006 after the newbuild Maersk Delft entered service. Following her phase-out, she was dry-docked, repainted and modified back to vanilla configuration, removing the cow-catchers, sliding doors and twin-level loading, and returning the ramps on both the bow and stern. Acciona Trasmediterránea Afterwards, she entered service with Acciona Trasmediterránea in May. She was temporarily renamed Murillo Dos, and shortly afterwards renamed the Zurbaran. The name lasted until 2019, when she was renamed Ciudad de Mahón, alongside obtaining a new paint job. Irish Ferries In November 2021, it was announced that the Ciudad de Mahón was acquired by Irish Continental Group, and was due to return to Dover on the Dover-Calais sailing in Q1 2022. She sailed her last sailing for Trasmediterránea on January 31, 2022. The next day, ownership was transferred and she was renamed Isle of Inisheer. A week later, she departed Barcelona for the Fayard A/S shipyard next to Munkebo, near Odense in Denmark for re-installation of cow-catchers, sliding doors and other necessary modifications for operation into and out of Dover. References See also MS Kaiarahi, a sister ship MS Finbo Cargo, a sister ship 1999 ships

D-Noy Muzik is a label founded by Daniel Desnoyers in June 1999 within the Donald K. Donald Group. In 2003, DKD D-Noy Muzik became D-Noy Muzik, for which Dan Desnoyers is the sole owner. D-Noy releases all of his music on this label. Releases Artists List of artists signed to D-Noy Muzik. Ben DJ Benji de la House Ben Simons CJ Stone Daniel Desnoyers Danni Rouge Danny Dove DJ M.E.G. and Timati DJs from Mars Felix Cartal Global Deejays Javi Mula Jean Elan Joachim Garraud Klaas Kurd Maverick Lady Alexandra T. Made in June Mathieu Bouthier Menini & Viani Mischa Daniels Molella Nari & Milani Neils Van Gogh Peakafeller Ricky Monaco Serebro Sophie Ellis Bextor Spankox Spankers Sunny Marleen The Cube Guys Tony Star References Canadian independent record labels Companies based in Montreal Record label distributors Record labels established in 1999 1999 establishments in Canada

The Riverside County Library System (RCLS), located in Riverside County, California, United States, is a public library system composed of 35 libraries, two museums and two mobile resource vans. The RCLS is a member of the Inland Library Network. It is the first library system in the nation that turned over its entire operation to a private company. Management Prior to July 1997, the Riverside County public libraries were managed by the city of Riverside, California. When property tax money was diverted from libraries to schools in the early 1990s, the library system began to experience cut in hours, dwindling collections, and staff lay-offs. In July 1997, the County hired Library Systems and Services, Inc., located in Germantown, Maryland to operate its sprawling public library system. All library employees, except for the county librarian, janitorial service, and landscape maintenance, work for the private company. LS&S divided the library system into three districts, increased hours within each district and added staff. For its success, the RCLS Management Outsourcing Program became the 1998 National Council for Public-Private Partnerships Project Award Winner. Services RCLS operates several in-demand literacy services including Adult Literacy, English as a Second Language, and Digital Literacy. An extensive digital resources catalogue including career building tools, homework help and e-resources. All library locations offer printing services to community members All library locations offer free Wi-Fi and computer access. Wi-Fi hotspots and Chromebooks are also available for loan from all branches including the mobile resource vans. Project Connect Now supports social work programs for the at-risk and homeless population of Riverside, including the "Lawyers in the Library" program which brings free legal aid to those in need. Through grant funding from the California State Library and partnerships with local school districts, "Lunch at the Library" provides a free lunch for all those under 18 during the summer. With funding from the California State Library and California State Parks, library card holders can now check out a park pass to bring their family to any of the hundreds of state parks throughout California The Riverside County Library System is co-recipient of the Raul and Estella Mora Award for its annual promotion of Día de los Niños/Día de los Libros. The program earned the library a John Cotton Dana Award in 2005. for the outreach program Leer Es Triunfar (Reading Is Succeeding), an outreach program for the system's Spanish language readers. The Riverside County Library was chosen by the Association for Library Services to Children as the site of the 2010 Arbuthnot Lecture, featuring Kathleen T. Horning. Retrospective In November 2007, RCLS sponsored a retrospective exhibit of photographs portraying 125 years of Riverside County library history, "The Libraries of Riverside County: A Millennium of Service" in the lobby of the UC Riverside Science Library as well as traveling over 250 miles throughout the county. The exhibit was viewed by over 275,000 people during its year long exhibition. It commemorated public, private, academic, medical and tribal libraries in Riverside County. In 2022, the System celebrates 25 years since the merger with LS&S. Members Library Connect Mobile Resource Vans Desert Resource Van Western Resource Van Libraries Anza Valley Community Library Cabazon Library Calimesa Library Canyon Lake Branch Library Cathedral City Branch Library Coachella Branch Library Desert Hot Springs Library Eastvale Library El Cerrito Library French Valley Library Glen Avon Branch Library Grace Mellman Community Library Highgrove Branch Library Home Gardens Library Idyllwild Branch Library Indio Library La Quinta Library Lake Elsinore Library Lake Tamarisk Library Lakeside Branch Library Louis Robidoux Branch Library Mead Valley Library Mecca Library Menifee Library Norco Branch Library Nuview Branch Library Palm Desert Public Library Perris Library San Jacinto Branch Library Sun City Branch Library Ronald H. Roberts Temecula Public Library Thousand Palms Library Valle Vista Library Wildomar Library Woodcrest Community Library Museums Edward Dean Museum La Quinta Museum References Statistics, 2005 External links Riverside County Library System Website Riverside Libraries in Riverside County, California Education in Riverside County, California

Emanuel Bilbao (born 3 November 1989) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Instituto. Club career After a stint with Almaceneros, Bilbao joined Olimpo. Despite being a first-team member between 2008 and 2014, he didn't make a senior appearance for the club across seasons in the Primera División and Primera B Nacional. During his time with Olimpo, Bilbao had separate loan spells with Liga de Fútbol de Río Colorado outfit Independiente. On 11 February 2015, Bilbao joined Guillermo Brown of Primera B Nacional. He was an unused substitute forty-one times in 2015, before making his professional bow in April 2016 against Instituto. A further twenty-eight appearances in all competitions followed across the next three campaigns. In June 2018, fellow second tier team Quilmes signed Bilbao. His debut arrived on 27 August against Atlético de Rafaela. International career Bilbao received a call-up from Sergio Batista to train with the Argentina U20s in 2008. Career statistics . References External links 1989 births Living people People from Coronel Pringles Footballers from Buenos Aires Province Argentine men's footballers Men's association football goalkeepers Primera Nacional players Club Olimpo footballers Guillermo Brown de Puerto Madryn footballers Quilmes Atlético Club footballers Club Atlético Alvarado players Villa Dálmine footballers Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba footballers

The 1874 South Carolina United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 3, 1874 to select five Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. Two incumbents were re-elected, two open seats were retained by the Republicans, and the open seat in the 2nd congressional district was picked up by the Independent Republicans. The composition of the state delegation after the election was four Republicans and one Independent Republican. 1st congressional district Incumbent Republican Congressman Joseph Rainey of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1870, defeated Independent Republican Samuel Lee. General election results |- | bgcolor="#ff00ff" | | Independent Republican | Samuel Lee | align="right" | 13,563 | align="right" | 48.6 | align="right" | +48.6 |- |- | | colspan=5 |Republican hold |- 2nd congressional district Incumbent Republican Congressman Alonzo J. Ransier of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1873, declined to run for re-election. Independent Republican Edmund William McGregor Mackey defeated Republican Charles W. Buttz in the general election. General election results |- | bgcolor="#ff00ff" | | Independent Republican | Edmund W.M. Mackey | align="right" | 16,746 | align="right" | 54.1 | align="right" | +29.5 |- | bgcolor="#ff00ff" | | colspan=5 |Independent Republican gain from Republican |- 3rd congressional district Special Election Incumbent Republican Congressman Robert B. Elliott of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1871, resigned in 1874 so that he could return to South Carolina and stem the massive corruption on the part of the state Republican Party. A special election was called to be held simultaneously with the regular election. Lewis C. Carpenter was nominated by the Republicans and was unopposed in the special election. General election results |- | | colspan=5 |Republican hold |- 3rd congressional district Solomon L. Hoge was nominated by the Republicans for the regular election of the 3rd congressional district and he defeated Conservative challenger Samuel McGowan. General election results |- | bgcolor="#00FFFF" | | Conservative | Samuel McGowan | align="right" | 12,873 | align="right" | 43.9 | align="right" | +43.9 |- |- | | colspan=5 |Republican hold |- 4th congressional district Incumbent Republican Congressman Alexander S. Wallace of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1870, defeated Conservative challenger Joseph B. Kershaw. General election results |- | bgcolor="#00FFFF" | | Conservative | Joseph B. Kershaw | align="right" | 14,455 | align="right" | 46.8 | align="right" | +46.8 |- |- | | colspan=5 |Republican hold |- 5th congressional district Robert Smalls was nominated by the Republicans for the newly created 5th congressional district and he defeated Independent Republican J.P.M. Epping. General election results |- | bgcolor="#ff00ff" | | Independent Republican | J.P.M. Epping | align="right" | 4,461 | align="right" | 19.9 | align="right" | N/A |- |- | | colspan=5 |Republican gain |- See also United States House of Representatives elections, 1874 South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1874 South Carolina's congressional districts References "Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." Reports and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina at the Regular Session, 1873-'74. Columbia, SC: Republican Printing Company, 1874, pp. 86–88. 1874 South Carolina United States House of Representatives

Cristofaro or Cristoforo Caresana (ca. 1640–1709) was an Italian Baroque composer, organist and tenor. He was an early representative of the Neapolitan operatic school. Born in Venice, his precise birthday is not known. After studying under Pietro Andrea Ziani (uncle of Marc'Antonio Ziani) in Venice, he moved to Naples late in his teens, where he joined the theatre company of Febi Armonici which produced early examples of melodrama. Later, in 1667, he became an organist and singer in the Chapel Royal and director of the Neapolitan Conservatorio di Sant'Onofrio a Porta Capuana, one of the famed orphanage-music schools of Naples, until 1690. In 1699 he succeeded Francesco Provenzale as Master of the Treasury of San Gennaro. He wrote music for a number of other Neapolitan institutions until his death in Naples in 1709. Amongst others, the Spanish guitarist and composer Gaspar Sanz studied music theory under his tutelage. He is remembered for his cantatas, especially for the nativity season as well as instrumental interludes sometimes featuring spatially separated ensembles. His music continues to be played and recorded to the present day and stands as a testament to the quality of this Neapolitan baroque composer. Works Missa defunctorum for double choir. Selected recordings L’Adoratione de’ Maggi Christmas cantata for 6 voices (1676) with La Veglia Christmas cantata for 6 voices (1674), Demonio, Angelo e Tre Pastori cantata for 5 voices (1676), Partenope Leggiadra – secular cantata (1703). Cappella della Pietà de' Turchini dir. Florio, Glossa 2010. Sources Cristofaro Caresana hoasm.org Cristofaro Caresana musicweb-international.com Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians External links Italian male classical composers Italian Baroque composers 1640s births 1709 deaths Year of birth uncertain Classical composers of church music

Waterford High School may refer to: United States Waterford High School (California), Waterford, California Waterford High School (Connecticut), Waterford, Connecticut Waterford High School (Ohio), Waterford, Ohio Waterford Kettering High School, Waterford, Michigan Waterford Mott High School, Waterford, Michigan Waterford Union High School, Waterford, Wisconsin Elsewhere Waterford District High School in Waterford, Ontario, Canada

Gwagha is a village and municipality in Gulmi District in the Lumbini Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2758 persons living in 505 individual households. It is notable for a vicious attack by tigers in 1985 in which all but three inhabitants were mauled and killed. The remaining three were left to rebuild and repopulate the municipality, saving the community, fabled for having taller women than men from extinction. References Gwagha is a village development committee in Gulmi District in the Lumbini Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2758 persons living in 505 individual households.[1] External links UN map of the municipalities of Gulmi District Populated places in Gulmi District

John Walker (born April 25, 1983) is a former arena football defensive back. High school years Walker attended Birmingham High School in Van Nuys, California and was a letterman in football and track. College career Walker played college football for the University of Southern California. Professional career Walker was signed as a free agent for the National Football League's Houston Texans practice squad in 2006. On February 4, 2008, Walker signed with the Arena Football League's New York Dragons. On October 6, 2010, Walker signed with the Jacksonville Sharks. Personal life As a child, Walker was an actor and had roles in 7th Heaven and ER. See also List of Arena Football League and National Football League players External links New York Dragons bio Stats at Arena Fan Profile at NFL.com 1983 births Living people People from Wahiawa, Hawaii Sportspeople from Honolulu County, Hawaii American football cornerbacks USC Trojans football players Houston Texans players New York Dragons players Jacksonville Sharks players People from Van Nuys

The 2008 EU Cup of Australian rules football was held in Prague (Czech Republic) on October 11, 2008, with 12 teams. The championship was won by England, defeating Croatia in the final. Teams Pools round Final round 1/8-finals Germany, England, Croatia and Sweden are classified to quarterfinals. 9-12 places Quarter finals 5-8 places Semifinals 11-12 places 9-10 places 7-8 places 5-6 places 3-4 places FINAL Final standings Notes and references See also EU Cup External links EU Cup 2008 official website Results at The Footy Record EU Cup International sports competitions hosted by the Czech Republic EU Cup 2008 in European sport 2008 in Australian rules football 2000s in Prague

Exton is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Exton and Horn, in the county of Rutland, England. The population of the parish was 607 at the 2011 census. On 1 April 2016 the parish was abolished and merged with Horn to form "Exton and Horn". The village The village's name means 'farm/settlement which has oxen'. The village includes a tree-planted green overlooked by the Fox and Hounds pub. Close to the green is the war memorial to the dead of Exton and Whitwell and to relatives of the Earl of Gainsborough; the names include Tom Cecil Noel MC and Bar and Maurice Dease VC. The memorial was designed by Alfred Young Nutt. In the south of the parish towards Rutland Water is Barnsdale Gardens which were created by Geoff Hamilton of the BBC television series Gardeners' World. Further south, on the north shore of Rutland Water, stands what was the Barnsdale country house and is now the Barnsdale Hall Hotel and Country Club. Barnsdale was a large country house, built in 1890 as a hunting lodge for Earl Fitzwilliam by architect E. J. May. It is a Grade II listed building. Exton Park Exton Park is a large country estate which has been home to the Noel family (Earls of Gainsborough) for over four centuries. The present Exton Hall was built in the 19th century close to the ruins of the original Tudor mansion which had burnt down in 1810. The romantic Fort Henry, a pleasure-house in the elegant late-eighteenth-century Gothick style, overlooks lakes formed by the North Brook. Church of St Peter and St Paul The large Anglican St Peter & St Paul lies within the park and contains a collection of monuments including work by Joseph Nollekens. It is a impressive medieval parish church, built in the 13th and 14th centuries. The church is a Grade I listed building. There is a fine marble monument by Grinling Gibbons, dating from 1685, showing Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden, with his fourth wife, Elizabeth Bertie, and carvings of his 19 children. In 1954, the tomb was the subject of a design by John Piper, later adapted as a textile design by David Whitehead Ltd. Other monuments in the church include: Robert Keilway (1497 – 1581), politician and court official. Sir James Harington (c. 1511 – 1592), public servant who fulfilled a number of legal, legislative and law enforcement duties and was knighted in 1565. Baptist Noel, 4th Earl of Gainsborough (1708 – 21 March 1751), Member of Parliament, styled Viscount Campden until 1714. Frances Noel, Countess of Gainsborough VA (20 November 1814 – 12 May 1885), Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria. George Douglas-Pennant, 2nd Baron Penrhyn (30 September 1836 – 10 March 1907), landowner who played a prominent part in the Welsh slate industry as the owner of the Penrhyn Quarry in North Wales. Lieutenant Tom Cecil Noel MC (12 December 1897 – 22 August 1918), World War I infantry officer turned aerial observer, notable for winning a Military Cross for bravery on both land and air. The church spire was struck by lightning in 1843, causing a fire that melted the roof, shattered the windows, and destroyed the west end of the church. It was subsequently rebuilt by J. L. Pearson in 1852/3. Gallery References External links Rutland Website – Exton Exton Park Barnsdale Hall Hotel Villages in Rutland Former civil parishes in Rutland

Thomas Ashton may refer to: Thomas Ashton (schoolmaster) (died 1578), English clergyman and schoolmaster Thomas Ashton (divine) (1716–1775), English cleric Thomas Ashton (cotton spinner) (1841–1919), British trade union leader Thomas Ashton (trade unionist) (1844–1927), British trade unionist and member of the Privy Council Thomas Ashton (industrialist) (1818–1898), English cotton manufacturer and philanthropist Thomas Ashton (died 1831), assassinated mill owner Thomas Ashton, 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde (1855–1933), British industrialist, philanthropist, Liberal Thomas Ashton, 2nd Baron Ashton of Hyde (1901–1983), eldest surviving son of Thomas Ashton, 1ste Baron Ashton Thomas Ashton, 3rd Baron Ashton of Hyde (1926–2008), eldest son of Thomas Ashton, 2nd Baron Ashton Thomas Ashton, 4th Baron Ashton of Hyde (born 1958), eldest son of Thomas Ashton, 3rd Baron Ashton T. S. Ashton (Thomas Southcliffe Ashton, 1899–1968), English economic historian Tom Ashton, British musician See also Thomas de Ashton (disambiguation) Thomas Aston (disambiguation)

Hannah Jones may refer to: Hannah Jones (Lancashire cricketer), English cricketer who plays for Lancashire and North West Thunder Hannah Jones (Surrey cricketer), English cricketer who plays for Surrey and South East Stars Hannah Jones (snooker player) (born 1996), British snooker player Hannah Jones (singer), British singer Hannah Maria Jones (c. 1784–1854), Victorian novelist Hannah M. Jones, American artist and musician Hannah Vaughan Jones, British journalist and presenter Hannah Jones (rugby union) (born 1996), Welsh rugby union player Hannah Jones, a recurring character in the American television series 12 Monkeys See also Nikole Hannah-Jones, American journalist

was a Catholic international school, located on the "Bluff" in Naka-ku, Yokohama, Japan. The school started as a division of Gyosei Gakuin in 1888 and was established as an independent school by the Marianists in 1901. St. Joseph closed with the graduating class of June 2000. It served kindergarten, elementary education and secondary education primarily to the expatriate community in Yokohama. The school was the host to Japan's first Scout troop, established in 1911. Alumni Ureo Egawa (Willy Mueller), class of 1921, actor Charles J. Pedersen, class of 1922, awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 Andy Albeck (1921–2010), head of United Artists movie studio Isamu Noguchi, class of 1921, Japanese-American artist and landscape architect Masumi Okada (Otto Sevaldsen) (1935–2006), class of 1949, actor, singer, stand-up comedian, emcee, and film producer Paul Blum, American intelligence officer Isaac Shapiro, American lawyer, former president of Japan Society References Educational institutions disestablished in 2000 Defunct Catholic schools in Japan Educational institutions established in 1901 Marianist schools International schools in Yokohama 1901 establishments in Japan

Leroy Hornbeck (September 30, 1875 – October 16, 1964) was an American college football coach. Hornbeck was the head football coach at Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan for one season, in 1902, compiling a record of 3–5–1. Head coaching record References 1875 births 1964 deaths 19th-century players of American football Kalamazoo Hornets football coaches Kalamazoo Hornets football players University of Chicago alumni University of Michigan alumni

Igor Raykhelson (; born 24 April 1961 in Leningrad) is a Russian born American classical and jazz pianist and composer. He studied classical and jazz piano as a teenager at Leningrad Conservatory from 1976 then in 1979 his family moved to New York City where Igor continued his education at New York University under Alexander Edelman. His Jazz Suite and works for viola performed by Yuri Bashmet were well received by Gramophone Magazine in 2007. Works, editions and recordings Igor Raykhelson: Jazz Suite and other works. Little Symphony for Strings in G minor. Reflections for Violin, Viola and Strings. Adagio for Viola and Strings. Jazz Suite for Viola, Saxophone and Orchestra. Elena Revich, violin, Igor Butman, saxophone. Igor Raykhelson, piano. Yuri Golubev, double-bass. Eduard Zizak, drums. Moscow-Soloists, ensemble. Yuri Bashmet, viola, conductor. Igor Raykhelson: Violin Concerto in C minor. Viola Concerto in A minor. Yuri Bashmet, viola, Nikolay Sachenko, violin. Novaya Rossiya Orchestra, orchestra Claudio Vandelli, conductor Alexander Sladkovsky, conductor References American jazz composers Russian male composers American jazz pianists American male pianists 1961 births Living people 20th-century American pianists 21st-century American pianists American male jazz composers 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians

FC Porto became the 12th club to win multiple European Cup/Champions League titles in a fairytale 2003–04 season. For the first time since 1995, a club outside the big four leagues won the trophy, and it was widely attributed to charismatic coach José Mourinho. The title was clinched in an emphatic 3–0 victory against Monaco in the final in Gelsenkirchen. Following the success, Mourinho departed the club for Chelsea, bringing key defenders Paulo Ferreira and Ricardo Carvalho with him. Playmaker Deco also departed, in his case for Barcelona. Elsewhere, it got to keep midfield duo Maniche and Costinha intact, and strikers Derlei and Benni McCarthy stayed at the club. Squad Squad at end of season Out on loan Results Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira UEFA Super Cup Primeira Liga Matches Taça de Portugal Knockout stage Final UEFA Champions League Group stage Knockout stage Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final Top scorers Primeira Liga Benni McCarthy 20 Derlei 13 Maniche 6 References Porto 2004 UEFA Champions League-winning seasons Portuguese football championship-winning seasons

Joanne C. Stehr is an American politician serving as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 107th district. Elected in November 2022, she assumed office on January 3, 2023. She is noted as being the first female legislator to ever represent any part of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. Early life Stehr attended Tri-Valley Junior/Senior High School graduating as part of their class of 1982. She then attended the Schuylkill county area vocational technical school where she received her license to become a practicing nurse. Political career Stehr ran on a platform of lowering taxes, implementing term limits, and protecting the second amendment. In what many considered an upset, she defeated a primary challenger, Ron Tanney, with almost a 7% margin before facing Democrat Ryan Mock in the general election. She would defeat him with almost a 50% margin. Since being elected, she has opened two district offices, one in Shamokin, Pennsylvania and another in Hegins, Pennsylvania. Personal life Stehr lives on her parents' family farm which she inherited. She has two sons, Eli and Beau and is divorced. Electoral history References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Republican Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians Women state legislators in Pennsylvania

Sir Walter Nash (12 February 1882 – 4 June 1968) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 27th prime minister of New Zealand in the Second Labour Government from 1957 to 1960. He is noted for his long period of political service, having been associated with the New Zealand Labour Party since its creation. Nash was born in the West Midlands, England, and is the most recent New Zealand prime minister to be born outside the country. He arrived in New Zealand in 1909, soon joined the original Labour Party, and became a member of the party's executive in 1919. Guided to politics by his beliefs in Anglicanism, Christian socialism and pacifism, he gained a reputation for brilliant ability as an organiser and administrator which compensated for a lack of charisma and bouts of indecisiveness. Nash was elected to the House of Representatives in the Hutt by-election of 1929. He served as the member of Parliament (MP) for the Hutt electorate for 13 consecutive terms, over a period of 38 years and 168 days. As of 2023, he is the fourth-longest serving MP. Appointed as minister of finance in 1935, Nash guided the First Labour Government's economic recovery programme during the Great Depression and then directed the government's wartime controls. At 14 years he has the longest period of continuous service of any New Zealand minister of finance, and this service included the entire period of World War II. He succeeded Peter Fraser as leader of the Labour Party and leader of the Opposition in 1951. He was from the moderate wing of the Labour Party and was criticised by the left wing of the party for failing to support the strikers during the 1951 Waterfront Dispute, and for not taking stronger action over the controversial exclusion of Māori players from the 1960 rugby tour of South Africa. In the , the Labour Party won a narrow victory and Nash became prime minister. The Second Labour Government's "Black Budget" of 1958, in response to a balance of payments crisis, increased taxes on luxuries such as beer and tobacco. Public hostility toward the budget contributed to Labour's heavy defeat in the . Nash was active in international affairs and travelled extensively during his premiership, revising trade terms and supporting aid and development in other nations. Leaving office at 78 years of age, Nash is to date New Zealand's oldest prime minister. He died on 4 June 1968 at the age of 86 while still a serving MP, apparently the oldest person to be a serving MP. He was accorded a state funeral, the first in New Zealand for 18 years. Early life Nash was born on 12 February 1882 in Kidderminster, a town in the English county of Worcestershire. He was born into a poor family and his father was an alcoholic. Nash performed well at school and won a scholarship to King Charles I Grammar School but additional costs associated with attending prevented him from accepting. Nash began employment as a clerk, initially with a lawyer in Kidderminster and then at a factory near Birmingham. On 16 June 1906, Nash married Lottie May Eaton and established a shop. He became highly active in his community, participating in a large number of societies and clubs. He also attended night school to further his education. However, by 1908 problems began to arise. His wife and son were both ill and a daughter died at birth. In addition an economic recession in the following year seriously harmed his business. The family decided to leave England, settling on New Zealand as a destination. After arriving in Wellington, in May 1909 Nash became secretary to a local tailor. His wife had two more sons. Nash's religious and political beliefs also began to solidify at this point, with the strong Christian faith he received from his mother being merged with a growing belief in socialism. Nash would remain a "Christian Socialist" for the rest of his life, believing that the two components were inseparable. His political opinions were influenced by his friendship with prominent New Zealand socialists such as Michael Joseph Savage, Bob Semple and Harry Holland. Nash also became a committed pacifist. During World War I he made many speeches at the Church of England Men's Society stating his reasons for pacifism were faith based and called for understanding with German and Austrian Christians. Despite anti-German sentiment in New Zealand during the war, Nash allowed a German to stay at his home. Due to his open pacifism and friendship with other anti-war activists such as Holland his mail was scrutinised by police looking for evidence on himself and colleagues for sedition or treason. Nash's financial situation deteriorated when the tailor's firm that he worked for (and was a shareholder of) declined. Nash and his family moved to Palmerston North where he became a salesman for a wool and cloth merchant. Later he established a tailoring company in New Plymouth along with Bill Besley, a tailor from Stratford, although the business performed poorly. Political career Early political career Nash had briefly been involved with the first Labour Party, established in 1910, but this association had been interrupted by his financial difficulties. In 1918 however, he helped to establish the New Plymouth branch of the modern Labour Party and he became highly active as secretary of the branch and main organiser for the Labour Party ticket at the 1919 local-body elections. Labour campaigned on borrowing £30,000 to finance council housing which the occupiers were to have a right to purchase, with the rest funded by profits made by the local electric light department. Another pledge was to establish a municipal milk supply. Twenty-six thousand leaflets were printed and distributed by the branch. Nash was a candidate for the borough council himself, but was unsuccessful though did poll the highest of the Labour candidates. The following year Nash was elected to the party's national executive. In 1920 Nash and his wife travelled to Europe, attending various socialist conferences. When they returned to New Zealand in January 1921, Nash was fined for importing "seditious literature". Despite the reputation that this fine gave him among his fellow socialists, Nash was one of the more moderate members of the Labour Party. In 1922, a year after he had returned to Wellington, Nash was elected national secretary of the Labour Party. After winning the national secretary position he withdrew as Labour's candidate for the seat at the upcoming . When he took up the national secretary role he found the party had a total debt of £220. The debt was settled when together with Nash's own loan, John Glover (manager of the Maoriland Worker) lent some £100 interest free. Nash is often credited with turning the Labour Party into a fully functioning entity by establishing an efficient organisational structure and paying off the party's debts. Following his announcement of "" in the Maoriland Worker he worked hard to increase the party's membership which grew from 21,000 in 1919 to 45,000 in 1925. The delegates at Labour's 1922 annual conference voted to establish a permanent national office which Nash was given the responsibility of doing. Having now set up a centralised location to coordinate party activities and election campaigns was a vital step up to Labour becoming a major political party in New Zealand. As he had been in New Plymouth, Nash became involved in local politics in Wellington. At the 1927 local elections he stood as a Labour candidate for a seat on the Wellington City Council. He polled well but was not successful. Two years later he contested the Wellington mayoralty for Labour at the 1929 election, but was defeated by the incumbent mayor George Troup. Member for Hutt Nash stood for election in the electorate in the and s, but was not successful until the . He served the electorate for 13 consecutive terms over a period of 38 years and 168 days which, , makes him New Zealand's fourth-longest serving MP. Immediately upon entering Parliament Nash became one of Labour's main finance spokesmen. By 1932 he had moved up to the front bench and had become the senior finance spokesman. After entering Parliament, Nash built a house in the electorate he represented. The house, a modest bungalow in St Albans Grove, was completed in 1930 and he lived in the house the rest of his life. Minister of Finance When Labour, led by Michael Joseph Savage, won the 1935 election Nash was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Finance, although he also held a number of more minor positions. His other portfolios were Minister of Customs, Minister of Statistics, Minister of Marketing, Minister of Revenue and Minister for Social Security. He was ranked third in the First Labour Government, with only Savage and Peter Fraser above him. Nash remained as Minister of Finance for the next 14 years. As of 2023, he has the longest period of continuous service in that role. Soon after its election the government gave a "Christmas bonus" of £270,000 to the unemployed and needy. New Zealand's economy was in poor shape at the time of Nash's appointment as Finance Minister and he was very busy for the early part of his ministerial career. Nash introduced a number of substantial changes, in an attempt to improve the situation. He reintroduced a graduated land tax at high rates. The land tax (which had been rescinded in October 1931) netted an extra £8 million to fund government spending. He also supervised the nationalisation of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. Although some unemployment persisted, rising export prices helped the government to implement its election policies. The changes in economic policy included restoring wage cuts, expanding pensions, guaranteeing farmers' prices and revaluation of the currency. In 1936 Nash departed for England to conduct trade negotiations. The negotiations were only partially successful, with an agreement reached over New Zealand's meat prices for beef and lamb exports. He also visited other European capitals, particularly Berlin and Moscow, to determine whether there was scope for trade agreements there. He reached a bilateral trade deal with Germany to export butter there. He also went to Copenhagen to study the Danish system of exchange controls, and had further fruitless trade talks in both Paris and Amsterdam. After returning to New Zealand he became involved in disputes within the Labour Party about economic policy. In particular he was heavily criticised by supporters of the Social Credit movement who wanted their views adopted as Labour Party policy. Nash was also attacked by the more radical socialists in the party who saw Nash's pragmatic economic policies as too moderate. However, Nash was supported by both Savage and Fraser and emerged relatively unscathed. He gained the additional responsibility of implementing Labour's social security plan. Nash himself had limited involvement in the formulation of Labour's economic reform policies, however he was largely responsible for putting them into effect, with other ministers relying on him for his attention to detail. Immediately following Labour's re-election at the 1938 general election New Zealand experienced an exchange crisis with its reserves of sterling funds falling. The orthodox economic response given to the government to call up overdrafts and cut spending to reduce demand and increase unemployment was rejected by the government. Nash instead stated the government would react by introducing exchange controls and import selection which he said in January 1939 would allow the country to maintain its living standards while ensuring the country could live within its income. He was already well familiar with exchange controls systems, having studied the Danish system while in Europe in 1937 and had wished to implement them in New Zealand earlier. Other colleagues (such as John A. Lee and Mark Woolf Silverstone) felt the main reason this decision had been delayed was to not frighten voters too soon ahead of the election with radical economic repositioning. Prime Minister Savage informed the public that exchange controls were introduced to 'insulate' the country from unfair overseas competition and to encourage industrial development locally. Nash's proposals to control primary produce marketing and restrict imports were strongly criticised abroad. They conflicted with agreements at 1932's British Empire Economic Conference and were labelled as 'economic totalitarianism' by a British Department of Overseas Trade memorandum. In the immediate period before the exchange controls system could be established, borrowing was necessary. Nash returned to Britain in April 1939 to seek loans and to reassure the British government (in vain) that existing British exports would not be harmed. He spent over two months in negotiations with hostile officials who were fearful of losing New Zealand as an export market. Nash attempted to compromise suggesting that British manufacturers could take advantage of import regulations by establishing branch factories in New Zealand. This proposal, that British manufacturers should export themselves rather than their products, was rejected. It was a method by which Nash thought New Zealand could industrialise with minimal need for borrowing. Nash eventually secured a loan of £16 million, but it was subject to very harsh terms, requiring repayment in five annual instalments. Many British newspapers wrote that the terms were "impossibly onerous; indeed blackmailing." With loans secured Nash sailed home, stopping in Washington, D.C., en route and met with President Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss defence arrangements in the event of a war. Several days later war was declared between Britain (and New Zealand) against Germany. The British government cabled that it wished to purchase New Zealand's entire exportable surplus of meat. The following day they likewise requested to buy New Zealand's entire exports of dairy produce. Nash took some quiet ironical satisfaction that the government that had been so hostile to his policies and negotiated so unfairly was now so desperate for the bulk sales it had earlier denied. Over the next few months, New Zealand's sterling reserves built up quickly and economic stability was restored. The country was then able to repay the loan from Britain. The first years of World War II were difficult for the Labour Party, because Savage was seriously ill. Further problems were caused by John A. Lee, a Labour Party member who launched strong attacks on its economic policy. Lee was particularly vicious towards Savage and Nash. Peter Fraser became Prime Minister after Savage's death and Lee was expelled. Nash reluctantly set aside his earlier pacifist beliefs during World War II. Unlike World War I, he deemed this war necessary and inevitable in any case because of the overtly aggressive actions by Germany. Other pacifists were critical of Nash for his change in stance labelling him a hypocrite. Nash retorted that other attempts at peace had been tried and failed, and defeating Germany and its allies by force was the only option left. Taxes were raised considerably to pay for the war. Income tax in particular was targeted rising from £4.5 million in 1935–36 to £16.5 million in 1941–42. Expenditure for social security was extended by Nash for the poor to offset the cost of the extra wartime taxes. Pension payments were raised in 1941 and the government began to subsidise the prices of basic goods such as bread, sugar and coal. The family benefit was extended to second children in 1940 and to all in 1941 for all families earning less than £5 per week. From May to September 1941 Nash was acting Prime Minister when Fraser visited New Zealand troops in North Africa. During 1941 the government's internal debt rose by £11.8 million to £26 million but while Fraser was abroad he negotiated so that the British government would pay the costs of New Zealand troops serving overseas leading to New Zealand's overseas debt reducing. This compensated for the rise in internal debt. Nash was appointed Minister from New Zealand in the United States as New Zealand's diplomatic representative in the United States in 1942, but he frequently returned to Wellington to fulfil his role as Minister of Finance. As a result of Nash's frequent absences, Geoffrey Cox, the First Secretary at the New Zealand Embassy, was chargé d'affaires for 11 out of the 21 months that he was posted to Washington. Nash was difficult to work for. He was unable to delegate, accumulated files before making a decision, and was inconsiderate of staff. At the end of the war Nash attended the conferences to create the United Nations and also recommended that New Zealand join the International Monetary Fund. He also travelled as New Zealand's representative to several major post-war international conferences concerned with reconstruction, (such as the Bretton Woods Conference and the initial 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). By the time of the 1949 election, the Labour government had become increasingly unpopular, partly as a result of industrial strife and inflation. The election was won by the National Party, led by Sidney Holland. Leader of the Opposition Fraser died shortly after the 1949 election and Nash was elected leader of the Labour Party unopposed. Nash was seen as the likely replacement for Fraser, but his succession was not assured. As acting leader he deliberately brought the leadership election to before the imminent by-election for Fraser's seat of Brooklyn. The Brooklyn by-election was to be contested by former cabinet minister and party president Arnold Nordmeyer (who had lost his seat in the 1949 election) and thus Nordmeyer was unable to contest the leadership, as only elected members of the caucus were eligible to stand. Nash's decision on the leadership election date caused an argument in caucus, being seen by some as self-motivated, although eventually MPs voted to proceed with the early vote by a majority of two. The first major test of Nash's leadership came with the 1951 waterfront dispute, where major strikes were damaging the economy. Labour's position on the matter was seen as indecisive—the party was condemned by many workers for giving them insufficient support but at the same time was condemned by the business community for being "soft" on the communist-influenced unions. Infamously he said "We are not for the waterside workers, and we are not against them" when addressing a large rally in Auckland on 13 May 1951. He was ridiculed for this stance for many years from National, unions and media. Labour suffered badly in the snap election that Holland called in 1951 to reaffirm his mandate. The scale of Labour's election loss soon put Nash's leadership under pressure. As Leader of the Opposition Nash is not generally regarded as having been a success. His primary talent appeared to have been in organisation and finance, and not in the inspirational leadership that Savage and Fraser had provided. He was also seen as too slow in coming to decisions. In 1954 several MPs attempted an abortive coup to remove the 71-year-old Nash as leader. They included Rex Mason, Bill Anderton and Arnold Nordmeyer. Nash was told by Mason that a number of members had complained about the leadership of the party to him and that Mason thought that the majority wanted a new leader. In 1954 a majority of the caucus was in favour of a new leader but pressure from the unions and continued support from Party branches allowed Nash to survive the subsequent vote. The negative press from the leadership challenge was unhelpful to Labour's position, but Nash rebounded well heading into the 1954 election. He fought a strong campaign that led to a gain of five seats and virtually levelled the popular vote with National, with a margin of only 0.2% behind. The advent of the new Social Credit Party (which won 11.2% of the vote, but no seats) was seen as a spoiler and it was claimed by Nash that Social Credit denied Labour victory by diminishing the two-party swing. The gains made in the election were seen as sufficient to justify Nash retaining the leadership, despite some murmurs of a surprise challenge to him by either his deputy Jerry Skinner or Nordmeyer. Nash's leadership was also bolstered by the talent and energy of new Labour MPs who joined the caucus after the election. As the National government began to grow more unpopular, Labour regained some of its earlier dynamism. In the 1957 election the party won a narrow victory—41 seats to 39— assisted by its promises of tax rebates and the abolition of compulsory military training. At the age of 75, Nash became Prime Minister of the Second Labour Government. Prime minister (1957–1960) Nash appointed himself as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Maori Affairs and Minister of Statistics. Immediately upon taking office the Second Labour Government found the country's financial situation was much worse than the previous government had admitted. The balance of payments was a serious concern. Nash decided that drastic measures would be necessary to bring the situation back under control. These measures resulted in the so-called "Black Budget", presented by Arnold Nordmeyer the new Minister of Finance. The budget included significant tax increases and generated widespread public anger. This was fuelled by the National Party claiming that Nash and Nordmeyer were exaggerating the extent of the problem. The fact that the extra taxes were largely on petrol, cigarettes and beer contributed to the image of Nash's government as miserly. The situation was exacerbated by Nash's frequent absences from the country, leaving Nordmeyer and other Labour ministers to defend the government's policies by themselves. Nash's focus shifted from his previous interests of finance and social welfare to external affairs. His biographer Keith Sinclair explained that "for Nash, by 1958, the great moral issues were not poverty and social security at home but world affairs, peace and war. He meant to make whatever contribution he could to guiding the world to wiser and more moral courses." He was also well regarded by his peers for his knowledge on geopolitical matters. Australian foreign minister Richard Casey acknowledged Nash as one of the few world leaders who had any broad and balanced grasp of world affairs: "Mr. Nash spoke with authority and other world statesmen were ready to listen; his views were well informed and liberal and, although occasionally he seemed to be lost in visionary speculations, he arrived in the end at a practical, hard-headed and courageous attitude. Nearly all New Zealanders, whatever their party, were proud to have Mr. Nash representing them overseas." Nash's main effort in foreign affairs was to revise the trade and tariff terms of the 1932 Ottawa agreement, in 1958. He was also a strong supporter of the Colombo Plan and visited many of the New Zealand-funded Colombo Plan projects in Asia and attended the Colombo Plan conference at Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The plan was one of his main interests in foreign policy, with aid and economic development for impoverished peoples appealing to his principles. The Nash government also made progress towards the independence of Western Samoa. Nash had previously shown interest in Samoa during the 1929 uprising when he collected statistics to evidence Labour's criticism of the New Zealand government's administration of Samoa. Following the work by the Nash government, Samoa gained its independence in 1962. In 1960, Nash was criticised for failing to act in the controversy over the rugby tour of South Africa. At the time, South Africa had an apartheid government. On the insistence of the South Africans the New Zealand team included no Māori players, prompting a petition against the tour supported by almost 10% of New Zealanders. Opposition to the tour was led by the Citizens All Black Tour Association (CABTA) in whose view the exclusion of Māori from a national team was a gross act of racial discrimination. Nash had long been an outspoken critic of apartheid and in 1958, after he became Prime Minister, New Zealand voted against apartheid for the first time at the United Nations. As Nash had personally denounced racism for most of his life it was expected that he would side with the protesters, but he did not. He refused to step in, saying that the matter was for the rugby authorities to decide. In an April 1960 speech Nash defended the decision of the New Zealand Rugby Union stating that it would be unfair to expect Māori to visit South Africa as they would be sure to experience racial discrimination there and also argued that ostracising apartheid would merely accentuate bitterness in South Africa. The decision to exclude Māori from the team to tour South Africa was widely reported and condemned in other countries, having an adverse effect on New Zealand's international standing. The domestic political effect was more benign because the opposition National Party was also reluctant to see government interference in the tour. After the tour had ended Nash told the Rugby Union that in future tours it would be desirable for South Africa to accept Māori to avoid a repetition of the controversy. New Zealand did not tour South Africa again until 1970 when Māori players were included. Against expectations Nash did not appoint a Māori as Minister of Māori Affairs. Instead, he appointed himself, along with an associate minister Eruera Tirikatene, who had been spokesperson in the portfolio when in opposition. Historian Keith Sinclair wrote that Nash either had reservations about Tirikatene's ability or was nervous that a Māori appointed as Minister of Māori Affairs might favour his own iwi. A previous minister Āpirana Ngata had been accused of this, in a well-remembered scandal. In any case, following Fraser's example, Nash believed that the best way to show government commitment to Māori was to lend the mana of the office of prime minister to the portfolio. Nash often spoke on marae, frequently repeating his belief that "there were no inferior or superior races". Nash was concerned at the fragmentation of Māori land interests and appointed a Public Service Commissioner, Jack Hunn, to act as Secretary for Māori Affairs and "get an accounting of Maori assets and see what we can do with them". This resulted in the famous and contentious 'Hunn report' on the problems and future of Māori which was completed in August 1960. Nash was preoccupied with winning the coming election, and told Hunn that he would not have time to study it until after the election. The report was left unread and was not implemented until early 1961, when it was published by his successor as Minister of Māori affairs, Ralph Hanan. The Hunn report became the basis of National's policy, to the frustration of Nash. In the , Labour was defeated by the National Party and Nash became Leader of the Opposition once again. Nash is the only Labour leader who has served as Leader of the Opposition both before and after his tenure as Prime Minister. Later life and career By late 1960, Nash was nearly eighty years old. Privately he admitted to confidantes that he had noticed his hearing and memory had deteriorated. The death of his wife in 1961 also took its toll. Gradually, calls for him to retire grew more frequent. Nash, however, refused to step down, partly because of a desire to continue his work, and partly due to a reluctance to see Arnold Nordmeyer succeed him. Initially Nash was planning to announce his retirement as leader at Labour's 1962 party conference to clear the way for his deputy Jerry Skinner. By this time the media and public were widely anticipating Skinner to lead Labour at the 1963 election. After Skinner's sudden death (only a week before the 1962 conference) Nash had been forced to change his plans. The media speculated that Skinner had died with the knowledge that the party leadership would soon be his and that the caucus had already approved of his succession, however Nash strongly denied the suggestion. Skinner was replaced by Fred Hackett, but Hackett also died before Nash's retirement. By June 1962 Nash told the caucus that he would resign at the end of the year unless caucus requested otherwise. At the beginning of the final caucus meeting of the year Nash told caucus that he would resign at a caucus meeting in February and he would not be a candidate for re-election. In February 1963 Nash finally retired as leader of the Labour Party and Nordmeyer was chosen to replace him. Nash was the first Labour leader who did not die in office. Nash was one of the few New Zealand prime ministers who remained in Parliament a long time after losing power. He became the elder statesman of the house, and was frequently referred to in the press as the "grand old man" of New Zealand politics. He continued to speak frequently on foreign affairs and still travelled abroad regularly. In 1963 he went to a Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in Kuala Lumpur and in January 1964 at the age of 81 (to widespread astonishment) he travelled to Antarctica, flying to McMurdo Sound in an American research plane. It was widely reported in newspapers, claiming that he was the oldest man to have reached the South Pole. In 1966 he sailed to England for a three-month holiday with his sister Emily, his first non-parliamentary visit since 1909. Despite supporting the government decision in 1963 to send a small non-combatant advisory force to South Vietnam, Nash opposed any military involvement in Vietnam. He became active in the protest movement against the Vietnam War, and denounced the bombing of North Vietnam by the United States. He spoke at many teach-ins on the subject around New Zealand's university campuses where he was well received. An old colleague, Ormond Wilson, said that he "had never heard Walter so clear about an issue". Nash had become unpopular with the left wing because of his responses to the 1951 waterfront dispute and the 1960 rugby tour to South Africa, but his outspokenness in opposition to the war did a great deal to restore his reputation. Nash believed that Labour's failure to win the 1966 general election was because of its principled anti-Vietnam war policy, despite voters preferring Labour's economic policy to National's. Death and state funeral In late 1966 he spent three weeks in hospital for treatment on his veins following a demanding travel schedule in that year's election campaign. In mid-May 1968 he was taken to Hutt Hospital for "observation and rest" and a few days later he had a heart attack. He died on 4 June 1968. At his death he was eulogised positively for his career contributions, particularly in his time as Minister of Finance. His body lay in state at Parliament House, Wellington, and he was awarded a state funeral, the first since Fraser's in 1950. The funeral was held at St James' Church of England, Lower Hutt. It was broadcast on television, the first funeral in New Zealand to be televised. He was buried in Karori Cemetery alongside his wife. Funds for a children's ward at a hospital in Quy Nhon, Vietnam, were raised to serve as a memorial to him. It fitted with a suggestion of his years earlier that New Zealand's contribution to the Vietnam War should be providing "hospitals rather than artillery". At the time of his death Nash was still a serving MP, though he had already indicated that he intended to retire at the 1969 general election. At 86 years old he is apparently the oldest ever person to be a serving New Zealand MP. His death triggered a by-election which was won by Trevor Young. Honours and awards In 1935 Nash was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. In 1946 he was appointed to the Privy Council. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 1959 Queen's Birthday Honours and in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George. It took him two years to decide whether he would accept a knighthood in conformity with the principles of the Labour Party. After discussing it first with Nordmeyer and then the party executive he accepted, though he twice declined a life peerage and seat in the House of Lords. In 1957 he also received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award. In 1963 he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by Victoria University of Wellington. Honorific eponyms A number of streets and public facilities have been named in honour of Nash, in various towns in New Zealand as well as his birthplace of Kidderminster in England. These include: Nash Road, Mount Roskill, Auckland In Taitā, Lower Hutt Nash Street Walter Nash Centre Walter Nash Park Walter Nash Stadium Walter Nash Avenue, Kawerau Nash Street, New Plymouth Walter Nash Place, Whanganui Walter Nash Road East, Kidderminster Personal life Nash was a cricket enthusiast and played village cricket for the Selly Oak Cricket Club, Birmingham. His interest extended to statistics and he could recite the average scores of many famous cricketers of the day by memory. In his youth Nash was interested in Christian theology. He was an assiduous Anglican church service attendee all his life, but overall held very basic views of Christianity. Likewise he did not believe that Christianity was the only true religion or path and believed in religious tolerance. From the 1930s he was a patron and/or president of sixty-six clubs and societies. They included tennis, boating, cricket, cycling, boxing and basketball clubs as well as amateur actors, Boy Scouts, Red Cross and the Anglican Boys' Home Society. He met his wife, Lotty May Eaton, through a mutual friend in the Selly Oak Post Office where she was the head assistant. Lotty was less serious-minded than her husband, and had a natural exuberance which made her good company and an entertaining hostess. Their first child was a son, followed by a daughter who died shortly after birth. After moving to New Zealand two more sons were born. Nash was also a voracious reader and was rarely seen during his leisure time without a book in hand. He disliked swimming, unlike his wife, and he would read whenever he accompanied her while she was swimming. Nash did not smoke and consumed alcohol in moderation. There are several anecdotes about Nash getting orange juice laced with gin at receptions. When Nordmeyer and Nash were given glasses of orange juice, the teetotal Nordmeyer sipped his and said quietly "I seem to have Mr Nash's". On another social occasion future Prime Minister Robert Muldoon went to take a glass of orange juice, only to be told by the waitress "Oh no, Mr Muldoon, that's for Mr Nash. That's the one with gin in it." Keith Sinclair comments that while minister in Washington for 14 months: [Nash] purchased an excellent cellar from a wealthy man. His cook, Margaret Moore, introduced him to 'old fashioneds' which, so he pretended, consisted of fruit juice. His taste for good food and drink expanded with opportunity – not that this had been lacking, for instance on his missions in the nineteen-thirties. It was generally supposed in New Zealand that Nash was a 'wowser', opposed to such human pleasures. This was so of Fraser, but quite untrue of Nash. He loved his food, and enjoyed good wine and liquor in moderation. A grandson, J. R. Nash, was elected a member of the Taupo Borough Council in 1971. Nash's great-grandson, Stuart Nash, was also a MP from 2008 to 2011 and again from 2014. References Bibliography External links Prime Minister's Office biography Walter's World online exhibition from Archives New Zealand |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- Prime Ministers of New Zealand New Zealand Labour Party MPs New Zealand finance ministers New Zealand foreign ministers New Zealand Labour Party leaders People from Kidderminster English emigrants to New Zealand New Zealand Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour 1882 births 1968 deaths New Zealand Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George New Zealand Christian socialists Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand) Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives New Zealand MPs for Hutt Valley electorates New Zealand members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Wellington Harbour Board members Unsuccessful candidates in the 1928 New Zealand general election Unsuccessful candidates in the 1925 New Zealand general election Burials at Karori Cemetery 20th-century New Zealand politicians

Windows Photo Gallery (formerly known as Windows Live Photo Gallery) is a discontinued image organizer, photo editor and photo sharing program. It is a part of Microsoft's Windows Essentials software suite. The product has been unavailable for download since January 10, 2017, as the Windows Essentials line of products have been discontinued. Features Windows Photo Gallery provides management, tagging, and searching capabilities for digital photos. It provides an image viewer that can replace the default OS image viewer, and a photo import tool that can be used to acquire photos from a camera or other removable media. Windows Photo Gallery also allows sharing of photos by uploading them to OneDrive, Windows Live Groups, Flickr and Facebook. Photo management Windows Photo Gallery provides the ability to organize digital photo collection in its Gallery view, by adding titles, rating, captions, and custom metadata tags to photos. There is also limited support for tagging and managing video files, though not editing them. Windows Photo Gallery uses the concept of hierarchical tagging (e.g. People/Jim, Places/Paris) to organise photos. Deleting a tag from Windows Photo Gallery will also remove it from all photos in the utility. Adobe Systems's Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) metadata standard, a descendant of the ubiquitous Exif standard which almost all digital cameras currently support, is also supported. This allows for data such as the tags to be stored and edited much more efficiently than EXIF or IPTC. Since Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011, geotagging and people tagging (with facial detection and recognition) is also supported. For some supported image file types, People Tags can be read and saved using the Microsoft People Tag XMP Schema. Photo editing Windows Photo Gallery allows photos to be edited for exposure or color correction. It also provides other basic photo editing functions, such as resizing, cropping, and red-eye reduction. Users can view a photo's color histogram, which allows them to adjust the photo's shadows, highlights and sharpness. Further, Windows Photo Gallery also includes editing tools such as blemish remover and noise reduction. Photo editing technologies developed by Microsoft Research, including Panoramic stitching, Photo Fuse, and AutoCollage are also included in Windows Photo Gallery. Windows Photo Gallery also supports the ability to batch resize photos, where multiple photos can be resized in one single action, as well as the ability to rotate videos. Photo and video import Windows Photo Gallery's photo/video import tool provides the ability to view, select, and tag photos that are automatically grouped by date-taken. Format support Windows Photo Gallery is based on the PIX engine which uses the Windows Imaging Component (WIC) library. The application has native metadata handling and tagging support and since the Windows Imaging Component is extensible, it can organize and view any image format for which a third party WIC codec is installed. Therefore, the supported formats depend on the Windows version, additional WIC codecs for QuickTime/raw image formats/Webp, and platform updates, e.g., JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg), BMP (.bmp), PNG (.png), TIFF (.tif and .tiff), HD Photo .wdp (later replaced by JPEG XR .jxr), and GIF(.gif) images, as well as most common video formats. Windows Photo Gallery uses the Windows Color System. Legacy image formats such as PCX and WMF without WIC codec cannot be viewed. For animated GIFs only individual frames are shown. History Digital Image Photo Library 9 The application started development in December 2001 as a new "Photo Library" offering (code named "POD") that was added to the established "Picture It!" product. The combination was released under the name "Digital Image Suite". This was the first photo organization and management tool offered by Microsoft. It was released with Digital Image Suite 9 on June 3, 2003. Digital Image Photo Library 10 The second version was released on June 12, 2004. Digital Image Photo Library 11 The third and final version branded Photo Library was released April 22, 2005. A further "Anniversary edition" that included Windows Vista compatibility fixes was released August 18, 2006. Windows Photo Gallery The first version of Windows Photo Gallery was included with all editions of Windows Vista and replaced Windows Picture and Fax Viewer. Themed photo slideshows with smooth transitions were only available in the Home Premium and Ultimate editions. Windows Live Photo Gallery (Wave 2) With the release of Windows 7, Microsoft decided not to bundle Photo Gallery within the operating system. Instead, Windows 7 came bundled with a software called Windows Photo Viewer, which has the editing capabilities of Windows Photo Gallery removed. The full suite of Photo Gallery was released as part of the Windows Live Essentials software suite instead, and as such, the application was also renamed to "Windows Live Photo Gallery". The first version of Windows Live Photo Gallery beta was released on June 27, 2007, and the last version released on November 6, 2007. Windows Live Photo Gallery 2009 (Wave 3) Windows Live Photo Gallery 2009 came out in beta with the rest of Windows Live Essentials 2009 beta in September 2008, with a new interface. On December 15, 2008, the "beta refresh" versions of Windows Live Essentials 2009 applications were released including Photo Gallery. This release included many changes since the previous beta release based on user feedback. A significant visual change in this release was the introduction of a new application icon which added a common design theme to all the Windows Live Essentials applications. The words "beta" was removed from the build number. On January 7, 2009, the "beta refresh" versions were released as the final versions, with the exception of Windows Live Movie Maker. Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 (Wave 4) Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 beta was released by Microsoft, along with the rest of Windows Live Essentials 2011 beta, on June 24, 2010. The 2011 version features new additions such as batch people tagging, blemish remover and noise reduction. The beta refresh was released on August 18, 2010, and the final version of Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 was released as part of the final version of Windows Live Essentials 2011 on September 30, 2010. It was updated with a hotfix (along with the rest of Essentials except for Mesh and Family Safety) on December 1, 2010. New features in Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 include addition of a ribbon to the user interface, batch processing, a clone tool, facial recognition, geotagging with support for Bing Maps, image stitching, and noise reduction. Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 also integrates with Facebook, Flickr, OneDrive, YouTube, and the now defunct Picasa Web Albums and Windows Live Spaces to facilitate file uploads to online services. Windows Photo Gallery 2012 (Wave 5) The Wave 5 version was released on August 7, 2012, as Windows Photo Gallery 2012; Microsoft dropped the Live branding from its title. Windows Photo Gallery 2012 introduced an AutoCollage feature that allow users to automatically create a collage of their images, as well as the ability to publish videos to Vimeo. References External links Official website (Archive) Windows components Photo Gallery Photo software Proprietary image organizers Image-sharing websites Image viewers Windows-only freeware Photo stitching software Discontinued Windows components Products and services discontinued in 2017

The Keraites (also Kerait, Kereit, Khereid; ; ) were one of the five dominant Mongol or Turkic tribal confederations (khanates) in the Altai-Sayan region during the 12th century. They had converted to the Church of the East (Nestorianism) in the early 11th century and are one of the possible sources of the European Prester John legend. Their original territory was expansive, corresponding to much of what is now Mongolia. Vasily Bartold (1913) located them along the upper Onon and Kherlen rivers and along the Tuul river. They were defeated by Genghis Khan in 1203 and became influential in the rise of the Mongol Empire, and were gradually absorbed into the succeeding Turco-Mongol khanates during the 13th century. Name In modern Mongolian, the confederation is spelled , (Khereid). In English, the name is primarily adopted as Keraites, alternatively Kerait, or Kereyit, in some earlier texts also as Karait or Karaites. One common theory sees the name as a cognate with the Mongolian and Turkic qarā for "black, swarthy". There have been various other Mongol and Turkic tribes with names involving the term, which are often conflated. According to the early 14th-century work Jami' al-tawarikh by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Mongol legend traced the clan back to eight brothers with unusually dark faces and the confederation they founded. Kerait was the name of the leading brother's clan, while the clans of his brothers are recorded as Jirkin, Konkant, Sakait, Tumaut, Albat. The people was divided into a "central" faction and an "outer" faction. The central faction served as the khan's personal army and was composed of warriors from many different tribes with no loyalties to anyone but the Khan. This made the central faction more of a quasi-feudal state than a genuine tribe. The "outer" faction was composed of tribes that pledged obedience to the khan, but lived on their own tribal pastures and functioned semi-autonomously. The "capital" of the Keraite khanate was a place called Orta Balagasun, which was probably located in an old Uyghur or Khitan fortress. Markus Buyruk Khan, was a Keraite leader who also led the Zubu confederacy. In 1100, he was killed by the Liao Dynasty. Kurchakus Buyruk Khan was a son and successor of Bayruk Markus, among whose wives was Toreqaimish Khatun, daughter of Korchi Buiruk Khan of the Naiman. Kurchakus's younger brother was Gur Khan. Kurchakus Buyruk Khan had many sons. Notable sons included Toghrul, Yula-Mangus, Tai-Timur, Bukha-Timur. In union with the Khitan they became vassals in the Kara-Khitai state. After Kurchakus Buyruk Khan died, Ilma's Tatar servant Eljidai became the de facto regent. This upset Toghrul who had his younger brothers killed and then claimed the throne as Toghrul khan (Mongolian:Тоорил хан/Tooril khan) who was the son of Kurchakus by Ilma Khatun, reigned from the 1160s to 1203. His palace was located at present-day Ulan Bator and he became blood-brother (anda) to Yesugei. Genghis Khan called him khan etseg ('khan father'). Yesugei, having disposed of all Tughrul's sons, was now the only one in line to inherit the title khan. The Tatars rebelled against the Jin dynasty in 1195. The Jin commander sent an emissary to Timujin. A fight with the Tatars broke out and the Mongol alliance defeated them. In 1196, the Jin Dynasty awarded Toghrul the title of "Wang" (king). After this, Toghrul was recorded under the title "Wang Khan" (Ван хан/Van khan; ; also Ong Khan). When Timujin attacked Jamukha for the title of Khan, Toghrul, fearing Timujin's growing power, plotted with Jamukha to have Timujin assassinated. In 1203, Timujin defeated the Keraites, who were distracted by the collapse of their own coalition. Toghrul was killed by Naiman soldiers who failed to recognize him as the former was fleeing from a defeat against Genghis Khan. Mongol Empire and dispersal Genghis Khan married the oldest niece of Toghrul, Ibaqa, and then two years later divorced her and had her remarried to the general Jürchedei. Genghis Khan' son Tolui married another niece, Sorghaghtani Bekhi, and his son Jochi married a third niece, Begtütmish. Tolui and Sorghaghtani Bekhi became the parents of Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan. The remaining Keraites submitted to Timujin's rule, but out of distrust, Timujin dispersed them among the other Mongol tribes. Rinchin protected Christians when Ghazan began to persecute them but he was executed by Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan when fighting against his custodian, Chupan of the Taichiud in 1319. Keraites arrived in Europe with the Mongol invasion led by Batu Khan and Mongke Khan. Kaidu's troops in the 1270s were likely mostly composed of Keraites and Naimans. From the 1380s onward, Nestorian Christianity in Mongolia declined and vanished, on the one hand due to the Islamization under Timur and on the other due to the Ming conquest of Karakorum. The remnants of the Keraits by late 14th century lived along the Kara Irtysh. These remnants were finally dispersed in the 1420s in the Mongol-Oirat wars fought by Uwais Khan. Nestorian Christianity The Keraites were converted to Nestorianism, a sect of Christianity, early in the 11th century. Other tribes evangelized entirely or to a great extent during the 10th and 11th centuries were the Naiman and the Ongud. Rashid al-Din, the official historian of the Mongol court in Persia, in his Jami al-Tawarikh states that the Keraites were Christians. William of Rubruck, who encountered many Nestorians during his stay at Mongke Khan's court and at Karakorum in 1254–1255, notes that Nestorianism in Mongolia was tainted by shamanism and Manicheism and very confused in terms of liturgy, not following the usual norms of Christian churches elsewhere in the world. He attributes this to the lack of teachers of the faith, power struggles among the clergy and a willingness to make doctrinal concessions in order to win the favour of the Khans. Contact with the Catholics was lost after the Islamization under Timur (reigned 1370–1405), who effectively destroyed the Church of the East. The Nestorian Church in Karakorum was destroyed by the invading Ming dynasty army in 1380. The legend of Prester John, otherwise set in India or Ethiopia, was also brought in connection with the Nestorian rulers of the Keraites. In some versions of the legend, Prester John was explicitly identified with Toghril, but Mongolian sources say nothing about his religion. Conversion account An account of the conversion of this people is given in the 12th-century Book of the Tower (Kitab al-Majdal) by Mari ibn Suleiman, and also by 13th-century Syriac Orthodox historian Bar Hebraeus where he names them with the Syriac word ܟܹܪܝܼܬ ("Keraith"). According to these accounts, shortly before 1007 AD, the Keraite khan lost his way during a snowstorm while hunting in the high mountains of his land. When he had abandoned all hope, a saint, Mar Sergius, appeared in a vision and said, "If you will believe in Christ, I will lead you lest you perish." The king promised to become Christian, and the saint told him to close his eyes and he found himself back home (Bar Hebraeus' version says the saint led him to the open valley where his home was). When he met Christian merchants, he remembered the vision and asked them about the Christian religion, prayer and the book of canon laws. They taught him "the Lord's Prayer, Lakhu Mara, and Qadisha Alaha." The Lakhu Mara is the Syriac of the hymn Te Deum, and the Qadisha Alaha is the Trisagion. At their suggestion, he sent a message to Abdisho, the Metropolitan of Merv, for priests and deacons to baptize him and his tribe. Abdisho sent a letter to Yohannan V, the Catholicos or Patriarch of the Church of the East in Baghdad (63rd Patriarch after Saint Thomas). Abdisho informed Yohannan V that the Keraite khan asked him about fasting, whether they could be exempted from the usual Christian way of fasting, since their diet was mainly meat and milk. Abdisho also related that the Keraite khan had already "set up a pavilion to take the place of an altar, in which was a cross and a Gospel, and named it after Mar Sergius, and he tethered a mare there and he takes her milk and lays it on the Gospel and the cross, and recites over it the prayers which he has learned, and makes the sign of the cross over it, and he and his people after him take a draft from it." Yohannan replied to Abdisho telling him one priest and one deacon was to be sent with altar paraments to baptize the king and his people. Yohannan also approved the exemption of the Keraites from strict church law, stating that while they had to abstain from meat during the annual Lenten fast like other Christians, they could still drink milk during that period, although they should switch from "sour milk" (fermented mare's milk) to "sweet milk" (normal milk) to remember the suffering of Christ during the Lenten fast. Yohannan also told Abdisho to endeavor to find wheat and wine for them, so they can celebrate the Paschal Eucharist. As a result of the mission that followed, the king and 200,000 of his people were baptized (both Bar Hebraeus and Mari ibn Suleiman give the same number). Legacy After the final dispersal of the remaining Keraites settling along the Irtysh River by the Oirats in the early 15th century, they disappear as an identifiable group. There are various hypotheses as to which groups may partially have been derived from them during the 16th or 17th century. According to Tynyshbaev (1925), their further fate was closely linked to that of the Argyn. The name of the Qarai Turks may be derived from the Keraites, but it may also be connected to the names of various other Central Asian groups involving qara "black". Kipchak groups such as the Argyn Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz Kireis have been proposed as possibly in part derived from the remnants of the Keraites who sought refuge in Eastern Europe in the early 15th century. See also List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans List of Mongol states References Citations Sources Boyle, John Andrew, "The Summer and Winter Camping Grounds of the Kereit," Central Asiatic Journal 17 (1973), 108–110. Douglas Morton Dunlop, The Karaits of East Asia", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1944, 276–289. Khoyt, S.K., Кереиты в этногенезе народов Евразии: историография проблемы ("Keraites in the ethnogenesis of the peoples of Eurasia: historiography of the problem"), Elista: Kalmyk State University Press (2008). Kudaiberdy-Uly, Sh. (Кудайберды-Улы, Шакарим), КЕРЕИ "Родословная тюрков, киргизов, казахов и ханских династий" (trans. Бахыт Каирбеков), Alma-Ata, 1990. Németh, Julius, "Kereit, Kérey, Giray" Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 36 (1965), 360–365. Togan, İsenbike, "Flexibility and Limitation in Steppe Formations: the Kerait Khanate and Chinggis Khan" in: The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage, Vol. 15, Leiden: Brill (1998). Tynyshbaev, M. (Тынышбаев, Мухамеджан), КЕРЕИ "Материалы по истории казахского народа", Tashkent, 1925. Nestorianism History of Mongolia Kerait people

The Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument is a war memorial at Fort Greene Park, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It commemorates more than 11,500 American prisoners of war who died in captivity aboard sixteen British prison ships during the American Revolutionary War. The remains of a small fraction of those who died on the ships are interred in a crypt beneath its base. The ships included HMS Jersey, Scorpion, Hope, Falmouth, Stromboli, Hunter, and others. Their remains were first gathered and interred in 1808. In 1867 landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, designers of Central Park and Prospect Park, were engaged to prepare a new design for Washington Park as well as a new crypt for the remains of the prison ship martyrs. In 1873, after development near the Brooklyn Navy Yard uncovered the remains, they were moved and re-interred in a crypt beneath a small monument. Funds were raised for a larger monument, which was designed by noted architect Stanford White. Constructed of granite, its single Doric column in height sits over the crypt at the top of a 33-step staircase. At the top of the column is an eight-ton bronze brazier, a funeral urn, by sculptor Adolph Weinman. President-elect William Howard Taft delivered the principal address when the monument was dedicated in 1908. Context Remains of deceased prisoners During the Revolutionary War, the British maintained a series of prison ships in New York Harbor and jails on shore for prisoners of war. Due to a combination of neglect, poor conditions on the ships and disease, thousands of American prisoners of war died onboard the prison ships and jails, more than in all the engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined. Prisoners of war who died were disposed of either by a quick interment on the shore or being thrown overboard. Following the end of the war in 1783, the remains of those who died on the prison ships were neglected, left to lie along the Brooklyn shore on Wallabout Bay, a rural area little visited by New Yorkers. On January 21, 1877, the New York Times reported that the dead came from all parts of the nation and "every state of the Union was represented among them." Officials of the local Dutch Reformed Church met with resistance from the property owner when they sought to remove the bones to their churchyard. Nathaniel Scudder Prime reported on "skulls and feet, arms and legs sticking out of the crumbling bank in the wildest disorder". Edwin G. Burrows described the skulls on the coast "as thick as pumpkins in an autumn cornfield". During construction at the Naval Yards, workers were not sure what to do with the bones, and they started to fill casks and boxes. They were reburied on the grounds of the nearby John Jackson estate. Eventually, "near twenty hogsheads full of bones were collected by the indefatigable industry of John Jackson, esq. the committee of Tammany Society, and other citizens, to be interred in the vault." The monument's dedication plaque estimates that 11,500 prisoners of war died in the prison ships, but others estimate the number to be as high as 18,000. Political resolve The movement to commemorate the dead only took off when political differences between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans deepened in the last years of the eighteenth century and the latter took up the question of a memorial in response to the Federalist erection of a statue of George Washington in 1803. The Tammany Society, headed by Benjamin Romaine was created and grew into a Republican organization. On February 10, 1803 Republican Congressman Samuel L. Mitchill asked the federal government to erect a monument to the fallen, but had no success They then turned their efforts to a grand ceremonial re-interment of the prisoners' remains, emphasizing less the construction of a monument than something more suited to the common man. Tammany formed the Wallabout Committee in January 1808. Their efforts took strength from renewed anti-British sentiment stemming from American disputes with Britain in 1806 and 1807. Finally, when President Thomas Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act of 1808, Tammany and the Republicans used their plans for a re-interment as part of their campaign to bolster anti-British sentiment in the United States. Precursor vaults and monuments First vault and monument On April 13, 1808, there was a ceremony to lay the cornerstone of a planned vault. A grand ceremony of re-interment followed on May 26, 1808. The state voted to provide the Tammany Society $1,000 to build a monument. The Society pocketed the money and the monument was never built. A small square building stood above the 1808 vault with an eagle mounted at the point of the roof. It was located on a triangular plot of land near the Brooklyn Navy Yard waterfront (Wallabout Bay) in what is now called Vinegar Hill. A wooden fence with thirteen posts and bars painted with the names of the original thirteen states was erected in front. At the entrance through the fence, an inscription said: "Portal to the tomb of 11,500 patriot prisoners, who died in dungeons and prison-ships, in and about the City of New-York, during the Revolution." The remains were put in long coffins made of bluestone. Extra space was provided in case more bones were discovered during continuing renovations in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Little was done to repair or maintain the vault and eventually the original monument was in a state of disrepair and neglect. In 1839, Benjamin Romaine purchased the land where the Martyrs were buried, in a tax sale from Henry Reed Stiles for $291.08. Later that year on July 4, 1839, Benjamin Romaine made an appeal for support (governmental or civic) to build a monument. In this appeal, Romaine talked about the monument and his intention to use his Revolutionary War pension for the monument. On January 31, 1844, Benjamin Romaine died and was also interred in the crypt as he had been a prisoner of war on the ships. Second vault and monument Later in the nineteenth century, the idea of erecting of a monument on the vault site attracted only occasional interest until 1873 when an appropriation of $6,500 was established for a new mausoleum. The new brick mausoleum in Fort Greene Park, then known as Washington Park, was constructed. The new mausoleum was constructed of Portland granite embellished with pillars and fret work of polished Aberdeen stone. The front of the tomb had the following inscription: "SACRED TO THE MEMORY, OF OUR SAILORS, SOLDIERS AND CITIZENS, WHO SUFFERED AND DIED ON BOARD BRITISH PRISON SHIPS IN THE WALLABOUT DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". On June 18, 1873, the first tomb was emptied of bones and they were moved to this tomb. The bones remained here until interest was again built and a new monument could be constructed. Current monument Planning and construction The Fort Greene chapter of the DAR was founded by Eliza M. Chandler White and formed in 1896 in Brooklyn to foster the construction of a "suitable memorial to the memory of martyrs, civilian, military and naval, who perished in the noisome prison ships anchored in the Wallabout Bay during the Revolutionary War". The group quickly partnered with the Old Brooklynites to increase focus on the memorial. Following the discovery of additional bones in the Brooklyn Naval Yard in 1899, interest in establishing a significant monument was again renewed. On June 16, 1900, the bones found during additional excavations in the Brooklyn Navy Yard were interred in the crypt with full military honors. The boxes were reported to be oak, long and wide. On June 19, 1900, the Brooklyn Eagle reported that a committee had been appointed to build a larger memorial to replace the current one. Due to the work of this committee, funds for a new monument were finally considered and raised. Funding for a larger monument came from all levels of government. On June 28, 1902, a joint resolution of the House and Senate appropriated $100,000 for the memorial construction under the provision that an additional $100,000 be raised from other sources. In the following months, New York State provided $25,000, and New York City $50,000, while private contributions provided another $25,000. Following funds being established, the Prison Ship Martyrs Association was incorporated in Albany on May 9, 1903 to oversee the work and the renowned architect Stanford White (1853–1906) of the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White was commissioned to design it. The contract for construction of the monument was awarded to Carlin Construction Company under the project supervision of Lieut. Col. W. L. Marshall. In 1776, Fort Greene Park was the site of Fort Putnam, one of a series of defenses built on the high land in Brooklyn. The construction was supervised by Colonel Rufus Putnam and the purpose was to protect New York from the British. Dedication The dedication ceremony on November 15, 1908, included a parade with 15,000 participants, including military and National Guard units, veterans, and civic organizations, including representatives of Tammany Hall Society in their first parade since the Civil War. President-elect William Howard Taft, Secretary of War Luke E. Wright, New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes, New Jersey Governor Franklin Fort, and Delaware Governor Preston Lea watched along with approximately twenty thousand spectators as "the enormous flag draping the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument on the highest point of Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn, was allowed to slide slowly to the ground from its heighth of 198 feet in the air". The ceremony was opened with a prayer delivered by Rev. S. Parkes Cadman, followed by a poem composed and read by the occasion's poet laureate Thomas Walsh. The principal address was delivered by Taft. He set out in detail the treatment of American prisoners and of the dead he said: "They died because of the cruelty of their immediate custodians and the neglect of those who, in higher authority, were responsible for their detention." He carefully described British culpability: He discussed the treatment of prisoners of war throughout history and praised the recent Hague Convention on the rights of prisoners of war and the recent Sino-Japanese War in which "both parties exceeded, in the tenderness and the care which they gave to the prisoners of the other, the requirements of the Hague Convention". Following the initial dedication, the Society of Old Brooklynites has hosted an annual memorial for the martyrs every year since President Taft dedicated the monument in 1908. Neglect and restorations 20th century In February 1914, one of the eagles was stolen. The thieves sold it as scrap metal for $24. They broke the eagle from the granite base, rolled it down the slope and loaded it on a three-wheeled pushcart, leaving tracks which the police were able to follow. When police found it at a recycling yard, the wings of the eagle had already been removed and partially melted. By 1921, the beacon was out. The twin helix stairways to the top of the monument, which visitors once paid a dime to climb, were closed. Until then, visitors could go to the top to get impressive views of Manhattan. In 1923, the bronze door to the crypt was "battered from its hinges" by vandals and the crypt was exposed. The New York Times report of the incident described how the monument provided a play area for neighborhood children: "[A] score of children, white and black, who live in the neighborhood were using the granite coping of the walls leading to the crypt as a sort of 'chute the chutes.' The color line was sharply drawn. The slope of one side was used by the negro children while the slope of the other side amused the whites. The children of neither hue were concerned with the crime. They realized vaguely that something unusual had taken place, but it was not important enough to them to stop their daily sport." However, neglect and damage to the park required it to be renovated. The memorial had become so scarred by vandals and unkempt from lack of proper maintenance as to present a dilapidated appearance. Work was done to clean and preserve the site. A staircase and elevator were installed inside the large column, and it was reopened in 1937 by Park Commissioner Robert Moses. Again, the park was neglected and restoration work was required. It began in 1948 to "keep the shrine from falling apart". The staircase and elevator, however, were both removed in 1949. In 1966, the eagles were removed and went missing until 1974. In the ensuing years, however, the park slowly decayed again and, by the 1970s, graffiti covered much of the base of the monument and vandalism was taking its toll. After being vandalized repeatedly, the four eagles were removed for repairs in 1966 and restored when $251,000 was spent to repair the monument about 1974, part of a larger $780,000 restoration of Fort Greene Park. They were again removed in 1981 and two of them are on display at the Central Park Arsenal, the administrative headquarters of the New York City Parks Department. They presently flank the third floor entrance. In 1995, an examination of the vault reported it held bone fragments in 20 slate boxes, each . During the park system's inspection in 1995, graffiti was noted to be on the crypt's interior walls. The graffiti is questionably dated to go back to 1973, 1908, and as one tag was scribbled, 1776 — which is anachronistic considering that this was before the tomb was even built, in 1908. During a site review on January 7, 2000, Park System workers raised the lid of the stone coffin of Benjamin Romaine. The interior of the coffin appeared to have contained a partially collapsed wooden coffin. By then, the monument was missing plaques, the plaza was potholed, the crypt had a plywood door, and the eternal flame had long been extinguished. 21st century In December 2003, a dig was done on the original site of the Martyrs' Monument. The site dig was funded by a grant of $2,500 from the J. M. Kaplan Fund. It was supervised by Dr. Joan H. Geismar an archaeological consultant. The original site (block 44, lot 14 Brooklyn) is located on 89 Hudson Ave (formerly Jackson Street: named after an early donor of the property for the Monument in 1808). The goals of the dig were to review if any more human remains could be found on the site and if evidence of the original crypt remained. The site was scheduled for housing development to begin on the site. The Crypt location was specifically identified from an 1855 Perris insurance atlas as well as a mid-19th-century manuscript map found in the National Archives. The work determined that the site at one time contained a deep void, but no foundations were found. They did find a massive stone side wall as well as the likely original post holes for the rail fence. The site development was allowed with a recommendation of a plaque when work was done. The redevelopment of the site was completed and eventually the property changed owners. The status of the plaque is not known and currently there is no plaque on the site. The city launched the renovation of the Prison Ship Monument with a $3.5 million budget in 2004. The scheduled repairs were plagued by cost overruns and the initial electrical contractor was fired by New York City and needed to be replaced. Additionally, a new spiral staircase was built inside the memorial. A budgetary study was conducted from March 6, 2006 to September 5, 2008 on electrical improvements and the cost estimated to about $341,000. The restored monument was unveiled on November 15, 2008, a centennial celebration, at a rededication ceremony commissioned by the Fort Greene Park Conservancy to celebrate the centennial and re-dedication of the Fort Greene Park Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument. More than 500 people gathered to take part in the relighting of the flame to mark the 100th anniversary. That night, the column and urn were lit by a spectacular lighting scheme. The overall restoration cost for the monument from 2006 to 2008 was an estimated $5,100,000. However, in November 2009, it was noted that the light was again not working. The parks department worked to restore the lights and noted that although the lights were working correctly, there was a programming issue with the light timer. In April 2015, a group of anonymous vandals illicitly installed a 100-pound bust of Edward Snowden, the National Security Agency whistle blower, atop one of the four columns at the edge of the memorial. It was removed the same day by Parks Department personnel. Description Constructed of granite, the monument's single Doric column in height sits over the crypt at the top of a staircase with 99 steps. When it was built, it was the world's tallest Doric column. The column carries the inscription: "1776 THE PRISON SHIP MARTYRS MONUMENT 1908". The monument's column contained a staircase accessed by a bronze door. The stone for the monument came from Lacasse quarry, about east of Newport, Vermont. The grand staircase of 100 granite steps rises in three stages. At the foot of the staircase, the entrance to the vault was covered by a slab of brown sandstone, now in storage, that bears the names of the 1808 monument committee and builders, as well as this inscription: At the top of the column are uprights in diameter which are the shape of lion's heads. Each head weighs more than . These hold up the urn. At the top of the column is an eight-ton bronze brazier or a funeral urn. The urn, which is tall and weighs 7.5 tons, was cast by the Whale Creek Iron Works in Greepoint from designs of Manhattan sculptor Adolph Alexander Weinman. The top of the urn is glazed with extra heavy plate glass. The inside of the urn contains the mechanics for the lighting. The top had a light, the "eternal flame". It went out in 1921 and was never relit until 1997 when a new solar-powered eternal beacon was turned on as part of a ceremony. The solar powered beacon or "eternal flame", now consists of solar powered lights reflected from a mirror. It is lit daily during the hours of darkness. Around the urn is a bronze railing also cast at Whale Creek Iron Works. Four open-winged eagles stood at the corners of the square terrace at the column's base, each on its own pedestal in front of a Doric column. They were designed by Adolf Weinman, who also designed the six-ton brazier that sits upon the monument's principal column. The crypt is in a vault at the base of the stairs. Inside the vault the floor is made of concrete and the walls and ceiling are a bisque-colored brick. One enters the crypt through a copper-clad door. When entering it is three steps down and then a short passageway into the hill and at the end of the passage is the brick-lined crypt. The crypt is approximately square. There are a series of slate coffins inserted into a double-set of shelves on the right and left. Various bones are said to be sorted by type into different coffins, presumably because individual bodies could not be identified and re-assembled for burial. Additions A plaque was added in 1960 located across from the front label on the monument. The plaque reads: During the Bicentennial Year – 1976, King Juan Carlos of Spain dedicated a plaque honoring the 700 Spaniards who died on the prison ships. Currently surrounding the monument are secured exhibits explaining the history of the prison ships, the Battle of Brooklyn and a list of the 8,000 known martyrs. It is not documented when these exhibits were added. Near the monument, a small building designed to coordinate with the work of McKim, Mead, and White once provided restroom facilities but was re-purposed as a visitors' center for the park. The visitors center has pictorial exhibits plus displays of Revolutionary War weapons and uniform buttons that have been uncovered in the park over the years. It also houses a list of the 8,000 known prisoners on the ships copied from the records in the British War Department. Maintenance and responsibility In the first half of the 20th century efforts were made to seek a national designation. However, the U.S. Department of the Interior declined at the time and noted that the prisoners didn't die at the site itself. Currently, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for the preservation and supervision of the monument. A budgetary study was conducted from March 6, 2006, to September 5, 2008, on electrical improvements and the cost estimated at $341,000. The overall restoration cost for the monument from 2006 to 2008 was estimated at $5,100,000. On April 11, 2013, U.S. Congressman Hakeem Jeffries introduced the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument Preservation Act, which would have directed the Secretary of the Interior to study the suitability and feasibility of designating the Prison Ship Martyr's Monument as a unit of the National Park System. The study would look at what it would cost to run the park and how its proposed designation as a National Park would affect the surrounding area. The House voted on April 28, 2014 to pass the bill in a voice vote. The Department of the Interior supported the bill. The National Park Service said that "the monument commemorates the sacrifice over more than 11,000 patriots during the American Revolution." Rep. Yvette Clarke, who co-sponsored the bill, argued that the bill was a good idea because "this monument commemorates not only the sacrifices of soldiers in the Revolutionary War who dedicated themselves to the cause of liberty, but a reminder than even in wartime we must protect basic human rights. These thousands of deaths were an atrocity that should never occur again." Rep. Jeffries said that "as one of America's largest revolutionary war burial sites and in tribute to the patriots that lost their lives fighting for our nation's independence, this monument deserves to be considered as a unit of the National Park Service." See also Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War List of British prison hulks References Notes Bibliography Cray, Robert E., Jr.. "Commemorating the Prison Ship Dead: Revolutionary Memory and the Politics of Sepulture in the Early Republic, 1776–1808," Third series, vol. 56, no. 3, (July 1999) New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. "Fort Greene Historic District Designation Report" (September 26, 1978) External links New York Tribune of November 11, 1908 having engravings of the 1839 and 1867 tomb memorials Prison Ship Martyrs Association website Historical Marker Database: Prison Ship Martyrs Monument, additional images Mindful Walker: "In Our Midst: The Prison Ship Martyrs," September 30, 2010, additional images Prison Ship Martyrs Association, including additional images Photo gallery American Revolutionary War monuments and memorials American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain American Revolutionary War sites Buildings and structures in Brooklyn New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn Outdoor sculptures in Brooklyn Vandalized works of art in New York City Monuments and memorials in Brooklyn Monumental columns in the United States New York (state) in the American Revolution Martyrs' monuments and memorials 1908 sculptures Buildings and structures completed in 1908 Stone sculptures in New York City Fort Greene, Brooklyn 1908 establishments in New York City Sculptures of birds in New York (state) Works by Adolph Weinman Sculptures of eagles

Doftana may refer to the following places in Romania: Doftana, a village in Telega Commune, Prahova County Doftana prison, a Romanian prison built in 1895, located in the above village Doftana (Prahova), a tributary of the Prahova in Prahova County Doftana (Tărlung), a tributary of the Tărlung in Brașov County See also Dofteana, a commune in Bacău County Dofteana (river), a river in Bacău County

Ben Taieb (Berber: ⴱⵏ ⵟⴰⵢⴻⴱ) is a town in the Driouch Province, Oriental, Morocco. According to the 2014 census, it had a population of over 14 thousand people. The town is located in the tribal area of the Ait Ourish. References External links Nador News, www.ariffino.net Populated places in Driouch Province

Alfredo Hernández Barrera (born 24 December 1941) is a Cuban former rower. He competed in two events at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Notes References External links 1941 births Living people Cuban male rowers Olympic rowers for Cuba Rowers at the 1964 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing (living people) Pan American Games medalists in rowing Pan American Games bronze medalists for Cuba Rowers at the 1967 Pan American Games 20th-century Cuban people 21st-century Cuban people

Minit is a 2018 adventure video game. Minit may also refer to: Minit Mart, American chain of convenience stores Minit Records, American record label

Bill's Bus is a privately owned commercial bus service that runs from Isla Vista, California to Goleta and Santa Barbara bars, picking up and dropping off college students. As an effort to prevent drunk driving, rides have sometimes been sponsored by local bars and UC Santa Barbara's Associated Students. It is popular among students, with multiple buses running on Thursdays and other busy nights. History William J. Singer founded Bill's Bus in 1991, when he was 19 years old. In 2002 the service was briefly suspended, and in a related news article, Singer said "There’s no money in it...I’m trying to do something that will make a difference." The business faced financial trouble in 2003, and in 2004 Singer sold it to Craig Jenkins, owner of the Velvet Jones bar in downtown Santa Barbara. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the service stopped operating in March 2020. Faced with an increase to their insurance premiums, the company organized a GoFundMe to stay in operation. Attempted San Diego project Singer started a separate, short-lived service in San Diego called Bill's Bus, which went between Pacific Beach and downtown. That service is no longer in operation as of 2009. References External links Public transportation in Santa Barbara County, California Santa Barbara, California

LSP Technologies, Inc. (also known as LSPT) was located in Dublin, Ohio. The company provided laser peening surface enhancement services and equipment, and other laser technologies. History The company founder, Jeff Dulaney, earned his Ph.D. in Physics at the University of Pittsburgh in 1986, then worked at Battelle Columbus Laboratory from 1987 to 1994 as a physicist in the laser department. He helped design and build the first industrial laser shock peening system for Wagner Laser Technologies in the early 1990s. Dr. Dulaney acquired Battelle’s laser shock peening patent rights and formed LSP Technologies, Inc. in February 1995. Dr. Allan Clauer, an original patent holder of the laser peening process, and a Battelle inventor of the laser shock peening process, joined LSPT as Vice-President later in 1995. In 1996 to 1999, LSPT assembled and delivered three high power ND: Glass laser peening systems to General Electric Aviation in Cincinnati, Ohio. LSPT also won several Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) awards for laser peening, laser bond inspection, and laser land mine neutralization. In March 2003 LSPT began production laser peen processing on 4th stage IBR in Pratt & Whitney’s F119 engine for the F-22 Raptor. In 2009 LSPT began laser peening production services for power generation and forging industries. In 2012, LSPT delivered a laser bond inspection system to the Boeing Company in Seattle, WA. LSPT was a AS9100 certified company for Laser Processing Services and Equipment Design. As of May 30, 2023 LSP Technologies was placed in receivership by order of the Court of Common Pleas, Summit County Ohio, Case # CV-2023-05-1664. At 10:00 PM on August 27, 2023, by order of the court-appointed receiver, LSP Technologies ceased all operations. Processes Laser peening Laser bond inspection Inventions LSPT held over 54 patents in laser peening, and many more on laser bond inspection and laser applications. References 1995 establishments in Ohio Companies based in Dublin, Ohio Laser companies Technology companies established in 1995

General Hospital is an American television soap opera, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, the serial premiered on April 1, 1963. The longest-running cast member is Leslie Charleson, who has portrayed Monica Quartermaine since August 17, 1977, also making her one of the longest-tenured actors in American soap operas. Former cast member Rachel Ames was previously the series' longest-running cast member, portraying Audrey Hardy from 1964 to 2007, and making guest appearances in 2009 and 2013, the latter for the series' fiftieth anniversary. Ames made a special appearance on October 30, 2015. Actors Genie Francis and Kin Shriner, who portray Laura Spencer and Scott Baldwin, are the second and third longest-running cast members, having joined General Hospital in February and August 1977, respectively. Actress Jacklyn Zeman — who portrays Bobbie Spencer — is the fourth longest-running cast member, joining the serial in December 1977, until her death in May 2023. Actress Jane Elliot, who joined the serial in June 1978 as Tracy Quartermaine, is the fifth longest-running cast member, joining General Hospital in June 1978. Past cast member Anthony Geary, who portrayed Luke Spencer, was the sixth longest-running cast member, having joined General Hospital in November 1978. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: the main and recurring cast members, or those who are debuting, departing or returning to the series. Cast Main cast Recurring and guest cast Cast changes Returning cast See also List of previous General Hospital cast members List of General Hospital characters References Citations Notes External links SoapCentral.com GH "Comings and Goings" IMDb.com "Full Cast and Crew for General Hospital" General Hospital General Hospital

TV's 50 Greatest Magic Tricks is a one-off list show that was produced by Objective Productions for Channel 5. The programme counts down the fifty greatest magic tricks – The Magic Bullet by Penn & Teller is the illusion at number one. The show was presented by the British actress Fay Ripley, and was directed by Helen Albon. TV's 50 Greatest Magic Tricks was first broadcast on Channel 5 on 31 December 2011. The list of magic tricks features set pieces, stunts and rabbit-out-of-the-hat tricks. Contributors to the programme included Penn & Teller, Paul Daniels and Dynamo. Two tricks by the British magician Pete Firman featured in the list, with his Goldfish Trick in the top ten. Magic tricks The Magic Bullet (Penn & Teller, 1996) Death Saw (David Copperfield) Russian Roulette (Derren Brown, 2003) Chop Cup (Paul Daniels, 1985) The Cardboard Box Illusion (Shahid & Lisa Malik, 2000) Walking on Water (Dynamo, 2011) Goldfish Trick (Pete Firman, 2005) Challenge of the Death Dive (Robert Gallup, 1996) Cigarette Routine (Tom Mullica, 1996) Quick Change (David & Dania, 2006) Blended Mouse (Pete Firman, 2005) Metamorphosis (The Pendragons, 1983) Shoe Trick (John Lenahan, 2003) Dream (Siegfried & Roy, 1994) Torn and Restored Newspaper (The Great Soprendo, 1982) Guillotine (Simon Drake, 1992) Pool Shark (Paul Zenon, 2000) The Tube Experiment (Derren Brown, 2001) Iron Maiden (Paul Daniels, 1987) Hummer Illusion, (Franz Harary, 2006) Spreadwave (Mathieu Bich, 2011) Coin Trick (Criss Angel, 2005) Houdini's Water Torture Escape (Ali Cook, 2002) Truck Trick (Penn & Teller, 1990) Levitation (David Blaine) Card Manipulation (An Ha Lim) Pulse Stopping (David Berglas, 1986) Motorcycle Illusion (Doug Henning, 1983) Snowball Trick (Dynamo, 2011) Flying (David Copperfield) Sawing in Half (Kevin James, 2007) Goldfish Transformation (Criss Angel) Silhouette (Simon Drake, 1992) Homunculus (Barry & Stuart, 2005) Tax Disc Trick (Paul Zenon, 2000) Doves (Lance Burton, 1982) Interlude (Siegfried & Roy) Floating Lightbulb (Harry Blackstone Jr., 1986) Toe Cards (Ali Cook, 2002) Signed and Restored Card (Piff the Magic Dragon, 2011) Spoon Bending (Uri Geller, 1983) Card Revelation (David Blaine) Portal (David Copperfield) Any Card at Any Number (Marc Paul, 2002) One Million Pound Vanish (Paul Daniels, 1984) 673 King Street (James Galea, 2009) Bottle Glass (Tommy Cooper, 1971) Tower Bridge Vanish (Franz Harary, 2004) Miser's Dream (Penn & Teller, 2011) Floating Guitar (Dynamo, 2011) Reception Following the original broadcast in 2011, Channel 5 repeated TV's 50 Greatest Magic Tricks multiple times, including in 2012 and 2013. When broadcast in 2012, the programme achieved an average of one million viewers and an audience share of 3.9%. References External links 2011 British television series debuts 2011 British television series endings British documentary television films English-language television shows Magic tricks

Frederic Warriner (June 2, 1916 – November 10, 1992) was an American stage actor. Early years Warriner was the son of Frederic E. Warriner and Hildreth Vail Warriner, who was an actress. He was born in Pasadena, California. He graduated from Pasadena City College and performed at the Pasadena Community Playhouse for five years. He served in the Army for five years during World War II. His work with shows at military camps led to his being transferred from Alaska to a tour of bases in the South Pacific. Career Warriner performed on stage in a variety of venues across the United States. They included the American Shakespeare Festival Theater in Connecticut, Barter Theater in Virginia, Folger Theater in Washington, Phoenix Theater Company in New York City, Wellesley Group 20 in Massachusetts, Hartford Summer Stage in Connecticut, New York Shakespeare Festivals, and Yale Repertory. He traveled with Margaret Webster's Shakespearean company and in Oliver's original national company. Warriner debuted on Broadway in King Lear (1950). His other Broadway credits included The Taming of the Shrew (1951), Getting Married (1951), Saint Joan (1951), A Pin to See the Peepshow (1953), The Wayward Saint (1955), The Carefree Tree (1955), Six Characters in Search of an Author (1955), Major Barbara (1956), Time Remembered (1957), Caligula (1960), She Stoops to Conquer (1960), The Plough and the Stars (1960), The Octoroon (1961), Hamlet (1961), Portrait of a Queen (1968), and Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971). Off-Broadway plays in which Warriner acted included The Carefree Tree (1955), Androcles the Lion / The Policeman (1961), The White Devil (1965), Hamlet (1967), Romeo and Juliet (1968), Invitation to a Beheading (1969), Trelawney of the "Wells" (1970), and Two Gentlemen of Verona. Personal life Warriner was married to Elinor Wright, a playwright and actress; they divorced in the 1950s. Death On November 10, 1992, Warriner died of a brain hemorrhage at Middlesex Memorial Hospital in Middletown, Connecticut. He was 76. Recognition Warriner received a Clarence Derwent Awards (for "best supporting performance in non-featured roles") in recognition of his performance in Getting Married in the 1950-1951 theater season. References 1916 births 1992 deaths 20th-century American male actors American male stage actors Male actors from Pasadena, California

"The Cut-Glass Bowl" is a short story by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald, first published in the May 1920 issue of Scribner's Magazine, and included later that year in his first short story collection Flappers and Philosophers. The story follows the lives of a married couple, Evylyn and Harold Piper, through various difficult or tragic events that involve a cut glass bowl they received as a wedding gift. In a copy of Flappers and Philosophers which he gave to literary critic H. L. Mencken, Fitzgerald wrote that he deemed the story to be "worth reading" in contrast to others in the volume which he dismissed as either "amusing" or "trash." Plot summary Mrs. Roger Fairboalt, an elderly gossip, visits the younger Evylyn Piper at her home. The older woman is a snoop who is curious about Mrs. Piper and her rumored affair with Freddy Gedney. They discuss the furnishings in the house, including the china. Mrs. Fairboalt focuses on a large cut-glass bowl. Evelyn explains that it was a wedding gift from a friend, someone she saw socially before she married. When he gave it to her, he exclaimed: "Evylyn, I'm going to give a present that's as hard as you are and as beautiful and as empty and as easy to see through." After Mrs. Fairboalt's departure, Freddy Gedney surreptitiously approaches the house, and Evylyn informs him that she is ending their extramarital affair. Her husband Harold Piper arrives home early. She conceals Freddy, but he hits the cut-glass bowl revealing his presence to Harold. Following the discovery of Evylyn's adultery, the marriage becomes strained thereafter, and Evylyn focuses on raising their two children. She begins to noticeably age. On Evylyn's thirty-fifth birthday, her alcoholic husband Harold calls and tells her they are having guests for dinner—a business dinner with a potential partner and his wife to discuss a merger of their companies. Harold insists using the cut-glass bowl for the punch. Everyone becomes inebriated at dinner, and Evylyn's daughter cuts her hand on the bowl and develops blood poisoning. Her hand is amputated. After this incident, Evylyn receives a letter with news of her son's death in World War I, which the maid has placed in the bowl. She reads the letter next to the bowl. In grief and despair, she takes the bowl outside the house but, as she descends the stairs, she falls and the bowl shatters into pieces. List of characters Evylyn Piper - A beautiful young housewife in the early 1900s. Harold Piper - Evylyn's husband, a prosperous wholesale hardware house owner. Freddy Gedney - Evylyn's love affair. Donald and Julie - Children of Evylyn and Harold. Milton Piper - Harold's younger brother and partner. Jessie Lowrie - Harold's first cousin (née Jessie Piper). Tom Lowrie - Jessie's husband. Irene Piper - Harold's unmarried sister. Joe Ambler - "A confirmed bachelor and Irene's perennial beau". Mrs Roger Fairboalt - Old friend of Evylyn. Carleton Canby - Old friend of Evylyn, the one who gives her the cut-glass bowl, back in 1890s. Clarence Ahearn - A potential partner of Harold and Milton in the hardware business. Mrs Ahearn - Clarence's wife. Hilda and Martha - Maids. Dr Martin and Dr Foulke - Physicians. Bijou - Evylyn's pony when a young girl. Background and composition Fitzgerald wrote the story in October 1919. Although ostensibly an analysis of the role played by an enormous glass punch bowl in the destruction of the life of Evylyn Piper, much of the short story traces the deterioration of Evylyn's marriage to a prosperous hardware dealer whose business declines over the course of several years. References Citations Works cited External links Scribner's Magazine — Volume 67, No. 5 — "The Cut-Glass Bowl" (Library of America) Scribner's Magazine — Volume 67, No. 5 — "The Cut-Glass Bowl" (Modernist Journals Project) Short stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald 1920 short stories 1920s short stories American short stories Works originally published in Scribner's Magazine

The Joe Shuster Story: The Artist Behind Superman is a graphic novel written by Julian Voloj and illustrated by Thomas Campi. It is the first graphic novel biography focusing on Superman co-creator Joe Shuster. The book was originally published in Italian and then translated into English. Reception The Jewish Book Council said that "The Joe Shuster Story is a tale of unbridled aspiration in a world beset with the cruelties of reality". Publishers Weekly said that the book's art "lends warmth and beauty to this elegy to two kids chewed up by a system that sees dollar signs and goes in for the kill." The Comics Journal called it a "meticulously researched graphic biography" that is "smartly visualized in understated, softly painted Edward Hopper-esque images." See also Boys of Steel, a picture book biography of Siegel and Shuster by Marc Tyler Nobleman and Ross MacDonald References External links The Joe Shuster Story at Super Genius Comics Joe Shuster: La storia degli uomini che crearono Superman at Bao Publishing 2018 graphic novels American biographies Italian graphic novels Non-fiction graphic novels

The Girl at the Lion d'Or by Sebastian Faulks, was the author's second novel. Set in the small French fictional town of Janvilliers, Brittany, in 1936. Together with Birdsong and Charlotte Gray, it makes up Faulks' France Trilogy. The character Charles Hartmann is common to all three books. Plot introduction An unsigned prologue introduces the reader to 1930s France and sets-up the fiction that the novel tells the true story behind an actual newspaper report of the time. This is imagined as being a passionate adulterous love-affair between the book's two central characters with the nation's unstable political scene as its backdrop. The politics are rendered to us through the characters' every day conversation- they rely on newspapers for information- which means that the history lesson aspect of the book arises organically in the narrative. Written in the third person using a conventional omniscient narrator, the novel airs the internal motivations and viewpoints of various characters. The narrative tone is at times ironic; the author uses unfussy language to tell the story with economy. The vast majority of the scenes in the novel are set indoors, which gives it a domestic and claustrophobic feel. There are no descriptions of physical violence, but there is trauma and angst. The character of Mattlin is a truly vicious villain, while the mood is down-beat -- in fact, mock-Gothic in the Poe-inspired sub-plot involving the renovation of the Manor House. The book is shot through with mordant wit, but there are also lighter moments of tenderness and near-slapstick. On its publication, The Girl at the Lion d'Or was lauded in reviews for Faulks' ability to evoke a sense of time and place and for his adroitness in creating engaging characters. Plot summary A wet and dark winter night sees young and beautiful Anne Louvert arrive in Janvilliers from Paris to take up a lowly position at the village inn, the Lion d'Or. She gets to know the staff- the formidable Madame Concierge, the drunken Cook, the sex-starved Porter- and to meet the mysterious Patron. Then there are the customers: the evil Mattlin and the sensitive Hartmann most prominent among them. A generation older than she, the cultured, rich and married Charles Hartmann begins an affair with Anne. She reveals her secrets, her fears and her hopes to him trusting in their mutual love. His wife, Christine, knows him better, and in the end, its no real contest for her to keep her husband and see off her latest rival. Although Faulks writes the love story with commitment, the nature of the novel determines that it can only end badly for Anne. An historical novel in which history is treated seriously, The Girl at the Lion d'Or is tragic drama and its real subject is France herself. A happy fairy-tale ending would be incongruous: it did not happen for the French Third Republic; therefore, it could not happen for Anne. Anne's childhood has been blighted by the First World War. Her father was shot on a charge of mutiny while serving in the trenches at Verdun, and her mother, harassed and victimised because of his fate, driven to suicide. Anne endured a wandering, hand-to-mouth existence with her uncle Louvert, whose name she adopts. Louvert, vainglorious and empty dispenser of fine sounding phrases- "Courage is the only thing that counts"-, joined a right wing revolutionary organisation with the aim of "making France great again" but deserted both Anne and France for a new life in America. Anne later invests her emotions in Hartmann and although devastated by his rejection, she does not allow it to destroy her. She intuitively turns away from suicide and the last line of the novel leads us to believe that she will, though there will be dark days ahead, overcome her situation. The battle of Verdun and the French army mutinies a year later were momentous events for the French nation. That the battle and a charge of mutiny played such a major part in Anne's personal history suggests a metaphorical link between her and France. The fact that the prologue to the narrative dedicates the story to Anne, "an unknown girl" rather than the "important public" figures of the time also indicates that the character represents something larger than an individual. The use of the adjective "unknown", in the context of this novel, is loaded with meaning, as it evokes the Unknown Soldier. By making Anne a homeless, friendless, orphaned young woman, Faulks is pushing the limits of melodrama in his wish to create a character who is the opposite of those in the male-dominated world of political power. She is the victim of political decisions and human spite but does not embrace victimhood. Instead she embodies most of the virtues and a certain defiance. More importantly she is vital: she makes decisions and acts on them. The polemic thrust of the book, backed-up by references to newspaper stories of political crises and scandal at home and mounting threat of war from abroad, is that the period's political leaders were, at best, inert. The setting of the story is also much removed from the centre of power and influence in the political sense if not geographically. In fact the author is shy of saying where in France the town of Janvilliers is. The descriptions of the seasons in the book and that Hartmann walks on a beach near his house from which "the sea has disappeared" puts it somewhere on the north coast. Imprecise as this is, it rules out the real Janvilliers being the location though its name may have been used because of that town's proximity to Verdun. Geographical imprecision serves the function of making the fictional Janvilliers a French "everytown" where the attitudes and experiences of its inhabitants typify those of towns throughout France of the period. Choosing 'Lion d'Or', a common and therefore typical name for French inns, as the name of the town hotel is meant to strengthen the idea of this representational aspect of Janvilliers. A war monument in the town centre commemorating the dead of the First World War could be found in any town in the country. Similarly, M. Bouin, a woman bereaved of her menfolk by the war and finding solace in religion, would be a familiar character in 1930's France. M. le Patron typifies the defeatist mindset among many of the time while the odious Mattlin is the town's future fifth columnist and collaborator. Hartmann is the ineffectual liberal. His failure to confront Mattlin, whose slanders are undermining Hartmann's reputation just as surely as the builder hired to renovate his house undermines its foundations, can be read as a metaphor of the centre-left government's failure to confront fascism either at home or abroad. Characters Anne Louvert The 'Girl' in the title of the novel. Indigent. Tragic past. Traumatised by loss, she equates abandonment with unbearable tragedy. Descends into a psychological hell of her own making....by her blinding love for the wrong man. according to Maggie Galehouse writing in the New York Times, 16 January 2000 – a rather harsh tough love judgement. Honest, brave and humane Anne is allowed to hope at the end of the book. Charles Hartmann: Jewish veteran of First World War. A successful lawyer who lives at the Manor with wife Christine. Has affair with Anne. Hopes to Redeem the horrors of her childhood Puts her up in a flat. Ultimately he Gets entangled in the coils of his own conscience Politically aware, the national situation is reported to us through his conversations with other characters. Mattlin: A vile and disgusting Uriah Heep-like character with racism added. Christine Hartmann: Wronged wife. Mme Bouin: Manager of the Lion d'Or. Initially unsympathetic, her true nature is later revealed. Devoted to 'M. the Patron'. M. the Patron: Owner of the Lion d'Or. Agoraphobic due to experiences in the war. Pessimistic and angry about future. Caring. Bruno: Chef at the Lion d. Involved in the novel's overtly comic scenes. Roland: Porter at Lion d. Bored, idiotic youth. Voyeur. Antoine: Friend of Hartmann's since the war. Now a senior civil servant whose minister is involved in a scandal. Asks Hartmann to give legal advice. Louvert: Anne's Guardian after her mother's suicide. Not an active character in the narrative he is reported to us by the narrator and through Anne's memories of him. Considered himself a philosopher. Tells Anne that all emotional suffering is caused by abandonment. He abandons Anne for America when she refused to be his mistress. A member of a Crypto-Nazi French league, he is depicted mockingly in the text. See also Paths of Glory by Humphrey Cobb The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe The Road to Verdun by Ian Ousby Footnotes References Galehouse, Maggie. All Wars Are Local, review, New York Times, Books Page 1 1989 British novels Novels by Sebastian Faulks Fiction set in 1936 Novels set in France Marne (department) Hutchinson (publisher) books

The 2021 Solheim Cup was the 17th edition of the Solheim Cup matches, held from September 4–6 at the Inverness Club in Toledo, Ohio. The Solheim Cup is a biennial team competition between the top women professional golfers from Europe and the United States. Pat Hurst was captain of the U.S. team for the first time and Catriona Matthew was captain of the European team for the second time. The Inverness course was a par 72 and . The 2021 competition was won by Europe with 15 points to 13. It was the second victory by the European team in America, having first won there in 2013. Format The competition is a three-day match play event between teams of twelve players with a similar format to the Ryder Cup, with each match worth one point. The format is as follows: Day 1 (Saturday): Four foursome (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and four fourball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session. A total of eight players from each team participate in each session. Day 2 (Sunday): Four foursome (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and four fourball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session. A total of eight players from each team participate in each session. Day 3 (Monday): 12 singles matches. All 12 players from each team participate. With a total of 28 points, 14 points are required to win the Cup, and 14 points are required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches are played to a maximum of 18 holes. If the score is even after 18 holes, each team earns one-half point. Team qualification and selection Eligibility criteria The European and United States teams had different eligibility criteria: Team Europe Members of the European team must: be current members of the Ladies European Tour in any category or membership; must be a "European national". To be a "European national", the player must satisfy the criteria set out in the "Nationality Policy" issued by the International Golf Federation. There is no longer a minimum number of LET Ranking Events that must be played. Team USA Members of the United States team must be current members of the LPGA Tour and meet one of these three citizenship criteria: U.S. citizens by birth, regardless of their birthplace. Those who were naturalized as U.S. citizens before age 18. Those who became U.S. citizens by adoption before age 13. Team selection The European and United States teams are selected by different methods. Team Europe Team Europe consists of the top two players from the LET Solheim Cup standings, followed by the top four LET members on the Women's World Golf Rankings who were not already qualified via the Solheim Cup standings, and six captain's selections. The 2021 Women's British Open, held at Carnoustie Golf Links, Scotland, ending on August 22, was the final event of the qualification period, and the full team, including the captain's picks, was announced on August 23. Team USA Team USA consists of the leading seven players from the LPGA Solheim Cup points rankings, the top two players in the Women's World Golf Rankings not already qualified via the points rankings and three chosen by the team captain. LPGA Solheim Cup points are earned for top-20 finishes on the LPGA Tour over a two-year period ending on August 22 with the 2021 Women's British Open. Points are doubled in major championships, and top-20 finishes during the 2021 LPGA Tour season earned 50% more points than those in 2019 and 2020. Teams Ages on first day of matches, September 4; Rolex rankings at team selection on August 23. Captain's picks shown in yellow. Source: Source: Day one Saturday, September 4, 2021 Morning foursomes Afternoon four-ball Day two Sunday, September 5, 2021 Morning foursomes Afternoon four-ball Day three Monday, September 6, 2021 Singles Source: Individual player records Each entry refers to the win–loss–half record of the player. United States Europe References External links Solheim Cup Golf in Ohio Sports competitions in Ohio Solheim Cup Solheim Cup Solheim Cup Solheim Cup

Third Day was a Christian rock band formed in Marietta, Georgia in 1991. The band was founded by lead singer Mac Powell, guitarist Mark Lee (both of whom were the only constant members) and Billy Wilkins. Drummer David Carr was the last band member to quit, prior to the band’s farewell tour in May and June 2018. The band's name is a reference to the biblical accounts of the resurrection of Jesus on the third day following his crucifixion. The band was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame on September 19, 2009. They have sold over 7 million albums in the United States and had 28 number one Christian album chart radio hits. Their fans are known as "Gomers" after a song on their second album about Gomer. History Forming years and independent recordings (1991–1994) In 1991, high-schoolers Mac Powell and Mark Lee formed Third Day as a Christian music group with pianist Billy Wilkins and guitarist August McCoy. McCoy left the following year to pursue tertiary education. At a 1992 event at Lee's Church, Third Day performed alongside a band called the Bullard Family Singers, which featured David Carr and Tai Anderson. Third Day invited Carr and Anderson to join them shortly after. In 1993, the band started playing more frequently in the Atlanta region in order to make money to record an album. Wilkins left the group in order to pursue his teaching career. Third Day recorded at Furies Studios in Atlanta and with the production help of Carr, Long Time Forgotten was released in 1994, producing and selling 2,000 copies. In 1995, the band started looking for a second guitarist. After hearing Brad Avery play with singer Chris Carder, Avery was asked to audition. After playing Consuming Fire during the first rehearsal, Avery was officially asked to join the band. The band's second album, Contagious, was self-financed for $3,000 and recorded at Furies Studios. 1,000 CDs and cassette copies of the demo were released. While playing in Marietta, at the Strand Theatre, the owners offered the band a contract to sign with new independent record label Gray Dot Records. The band released the album Third Day, which sold 20,000 copies. Shortly after, Reunion Records bought out their Gray Dot contract and signed the band to a multi-album deal. Recording contract with Reunion Records (1995–1997) Reunion Records released the now official version of Third Day, which has sold over 300,000 copies and was well received by critics. The album also yielded their only mainstream rock radio hit in the U.S., "Nothing at All", which peaked at No. 34 on the Billboard rock charts. Later in 1995, Christian music headliner Newsboys asked Third Day to open for them at five West Coast shows. The band also launched their own 65-city tour with All Star United and Seven Day Jesus opening for them. In 1996, the band was nominated for a Dove Award in the category of New Artist of the Year and their video for Consuming Fire directed by Chris Metzler and Jeff Springer won a Billboard Music Award in the category of Best Christian Video. The video was shot on location in Bombay Beach, California and other places around the Salton Sea. This experience and discovering Leonard Knight's Salvation Mountain nearby later inspired the album artwork for the band's album Revelation. In 1997, the band started working on their second album, Conspiracy No. 5. The album was produced by Sam Taylor, who had previously worked with King's X and other Christian bands. The album was nominated for a Grammy and won Dove Awards for Rock Album of the Year and Rock Song of the Year ("Alien"). The following year, the band toured around the United States, both alone and again opening for Newsboys. Also in 1998, the band recorded a cover of Michael W. Smith's "Agnus Dei" for his Dove Award-winning compilation project Exodus. Mainstream and international success (1998–2006) In 1998, the band started working on Time with Monroe Jones as the producer. Time was nominated for a Grammy Award and won another Dove Award for the band. Some of the songs that were recorded for possible inclusion in the album, but left out during production, are on the EP Southern Tracks. During the band's live shows they included a significant portion of worship music, prompting the band to release an album made up exclusively of worship songs. The subsequent album Offerings: A Worship Album took about a week to record. In 2000, to support both Time and Offerings, Third Day went on tour alongside Jennifer Knapp. Later in the same year, the band collaborated on the project City on a Hill: Songs of Worship and Praise with FFH, Caedmon's Call, Peter Furler, Jars of Clay, and others. In 2001, the band played in Australia and New Zealand on the heels of the success of the Offerings album. While touring in the US, Third Day recorded a concert attended by 15,000 fans at the HiFi Buys Amphitheatre in Atlanta to be released as their first DVD, The Offerings Experience. That same year, the band won five Dove Awards as well as their first Grammy. They closed the year with the release of their fifth studio album, Come Together, which won two Dove Awards and a Grammy. The album was certified gold the next year, along with Time. The band appeared in the 2002 film Joshua, the movie version of the story of Joseph Girzone. The Third Day song My Hope is You was included in the Joshua soundtrack album. In 2003, the band released a follow-up to their hit worship CD Offerings entitled Offerings II: All I Have to Give. In 2004, the band released their seventh album, Wire, and toured the States with tobyMac and Warren Barfield. In June of the same year, they traveled to Europe for a two-week tour. Upon returning the band recorded a concert at Louisville and released it as the live album, Live Wire. During the same year, they collaborated on the soundtrack for Mel Gibson's film, The Passion of the Christ, played at the Republican National Convention and were featured on 60 Minutes. In January 2007, the band played one night each in Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney, Australia. The band's next album, Wherever You Are, debuted on the Billboard 200 at No. 8. It also won the band their third Grammy Award. Christmas and compilation albums (2006–2008) The band recorded and released its first Christmas-themed album, Christmas Offerings, in 2006. In 2007, they released their first compilations of hits, Chronology. On February 28, 2008, Third Day released a statement announcing Brad Avery's departure from the band after 13 years and over 1,000 concerts. According to the official press release, Avery left the band to pursue solo projects and Third Day would not replace him, continuing on as a quartet. Following Avery's departure, the band performed at the April 2008 Papal Youth Rally at St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, N.Y. Revelation and Live Revelations (2008–2010) Supporting the July 29, 2008, release of their new album Revelation, the band appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno where they performed the album's first single Call My Name and on November 20, 2008, they appeared on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson performing the album's title track. The song This Is Who I Am also appears in EA Sports NASCAR video game NASCAR 09, though the album was released over a month after the game. "Call My Name" hit No. 1 and was the fifth most-played song on R&R magazine's Christian CHR chart for 2008. In April 2009, the band released a live version of the album Revelation under the title Live Revelations as a CD/DVD combination. Third Day was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame on September 19, 2009. In December 2009, Third Day was nominated for three Grammy Awards, with Live Revelations winning Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album, their fourth career Grammy, and receiving nominations for "Born Again" in the two categories Best Gospel Performance and Best Gospel Song. Live Revelations achieved Gold status in its month of release, becoming the band's eighth album to do so. Move (2010) Third Day was featured on Winter Jam 2010, touring alongside a variety of contemporary Christian groups including the Newsboys, Fireflight, and Tenth Avenue North. After releasing the single, "Lift Up Your Face" in July 2010, Third Day released their tenth studio album, Move, on October 19, 2010. On October 30 they finished the World Vision-sponsored tour Make a Difference Tour 2010 with TobyMac, Michael W. Smith, Jason Gray, and Max Lucado in Fayetteville, NC. The group's song "Follow Me There" from Move is featured as the theme song to the TLC Television show Sarah Palin's Alaska which debuted in 2010. Miracle and Lead Us Back: Songs of Worship (2012–2017) Third Day released Miracle on November 6, 2012. The band toured Miracle on the Miracle Tour with artists Colton Dixon and Josh Wilson as their opening acts, commencing on February 21, 2013, in Fairfax, Virginia and concluding on May 19, 2014, in Orlando. Third Day released the worship album Lead Us Back: Songs of Worship on March 3, 2015. The album, produced by The Sound Kids (Jonny Macintosh and JT Daly) as a worship experience with Third Day at the center of a "friend choir", peaked at No. 20 on the Billboard 200, No. 1 on the Christian Albums chart, No. 5 on the Top Rock Albums chart and No. 13 on the Digital Albums chart. The album has had one single, "Soul on Fire", that spent 19 weeks on the Billboard charts, peaking at No. 2 on Hot Christian Songs and No. 3 on Christian Digital Songs. In 2015, bassist Tai Anderson announced he would take "a break from the upcoming touring season with Third Day". Anderson has been with the band for 23 years. Revival and farewell (2017–2018) To celebrate their 25th anniversary, Third Day released the back-to-their-roots album, Revival, on August 4, 2017, recorded at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Third Day reunited with producer Monroe Jones, who had worked with Third Day on six previous albums including Time, Offerings I and II, and Come Together. On March 2, 2018, Third Day announced their farewell with 12 shows as a last chance to see them live. The farewell tour eventually expanded to 20 concerts. June 27, 2018, in Denver was the final show added. Members Mac Powell – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, tambourine (1991–2018) Mark Lee – electric guitar, backing vocals (1991–2018) David Carr – drums, percussion (1992–2017) Tai Anderson – bass, backing vocals (1992–2015) Brad Avery – guitar (1995–2008). From Third Day Weblog by Third Day. "Third Day and Brad Avery have made the very difficult decision to part ways. We appreciate Brad's many contributions to the band's career to date, including his work on our forthcoming album, but the time has come for us to follow our separate paths. He has been an important part of Third Day for the last 13 years as we've traveled the world together and performed over 1,000 concerts. We will miss him as a band member but he will always remain our brother and our friend. Brad is a wonderful person, gifted songwriter and talented musician. We trust that God has amazing plans for his future." Avery left the band on February 28, 2008. Scotty Wilbanks – keyboards, backing vocals (2005–2018) Tim Gibson – bass guitar (2015–2018) Trevor Morgan – mandolin, banjo, guitar, backing vocals (2016–2018) Billy Wilkins – keyboards (1991–1994). Wilkins was one of the original members of Third Day, from 1991 to 1994, along with Powell and Lee. He was also with the group when Anderson and Carr joined, both of whom were still in high school at the time. He has not recorded with Third Day since 2004, when he played "Blessed Assurance". In 2007, early footage was released on the two projects Chronology I Chronology and II, on which Wilkins is included. Geof Barkley – keyboards, backing vocals (1993). Barkley (formerly of Geoff Moore and the Distance) played keyboards on every live album in the band's history and every live show for nearly seven years. Barkley also performed on Wherever You Are. Although never officially a member of the band, Brad Avery has described Barkley as '"in the band", but he's not a "member" of Third Day, that's two different things. But he is in the band, and he plays with us live every night, and he rocks.' Barkley's background vocals in songs such as "God of Wonders" and "Took My Place" as well as "You Are So Good To Me" have become integral parts of Third Day's live sound. Barkley finished touring with Third Day on October 21, 2005, in Raleigh, North Carolina. August McCoy – guitar (1991–1992) Jason Hoard – mandolin, banjo, guitar, backing vocals (2010–2012, 2018) Boone Daughdrill – drums (2018) Brian Bunn – guitar, harmonica (2012–2016) Timeline Discography Awards As of 2020 the group has received 4 Grammy Awards and 25 Dove Awards. American Music Awards Grammy Awards Gospel Music Awards Billboard magazine best of the 2000s No. 3 Christian Albums Artist of the Decade No. 5 Christian Songs Artist of the Decade No. 15 Christian Song of the Decade: "Cry Out to Jesus" No. 27 Christian Song of the Decade: "Call My Name" No. 39 Christian Song of the Decade: "You Are So Good to Me" No. 43 Christian Song of the Decade: "Mountain of God" No. 28 Christian Album of the Decade: "Wherever You Are" No. 33 Christian Album of the Decade: "Come Together" No. 37 Christian Album of the Decade: "Offerings: A Worship Album" No. 39 Christian Album of the Decade: "Offerings II: All I Have to Give" References External links Interview with Third Day at Premier.tv 2018 Farewell Tour 1991 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) Christian rock groups from Georgia (U.S. state) Essential Records (Christian) artists Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 1991 Musical groups from Atlanta Performers of contemporary Christian music Reunion Records artists American southern rock musical groups

The Urban Music Awards Australia and New Zealand were established in 2006 as a means of celebrating hip hop, soul and R&B acts throughout the two countries. Two awards ceremonies were held, in 2006 and 2007. The first show aired on Friday 21 July 2006 at Sydney's Homebush State Sports Centre and was presented by Jazzy Jeff and Kurtis Blow. The 2007 awards were held on Tuesday 14 August at Sydney's Milsons Point Luna Park. Winners were decided by public votes from nominees selected by a panel of music industry figures (with the exception of the "Best DJ" and "Best Club Night" awards, which are purely public voted; and the "Best Producer" and "Urban Hero" awards, which were industry-voted only). Locations 2006 - Sydney's Homebush State Sports Centre 2007 - Sydney's Milsons Point Luna Park Award winners 2006 Best Hip Hop Single: Scribe and P-Money - Stop the Music Best R&B Single: Savage - Moonshine Best Hip Hop Album: Savage - Moonshine Best R&B Album: Jade MacRae - Jade MacRae Best Male Artist: Guy Sebastian Best Female Artist: Jade McRae Best R&B Group: Random Best R&B Single: Savage - Moonshine Best Hip Hop Group: Hilltop Hoods Best New Talent: FiggKidd Best DJ (Australia): Nino Brown Best DJ (New Zealand): P-Money Best Club Night (Australia): Candy Shop Best Club Night (New Zealand): RnB Superclub Best Video Clip: Guy Sebastian - Oh Oh Best Radio Show: K Sera and the Dirty Dozen Urban Hero Award: Brotha D - Dawn Raid Best International Act: Kanye West 2007 Best Hip Hop Single: Phrase - Hold On Best R&B Single: Israel - My Girl Best Hip Hop Album: Hilltop Hoods - The Hard Road Best R&B Album: Guy Sebastian - Closer to the Sun Best Male Artist: Tyree Best Female Artist: Jade MacRae Best New Talent: Justice & Kaos Best Hip Hop Group: Hilltop Hoods Best R&B Group: Kid Confucius Best DJ (Australia): Nino Brown Best DJ (New Zealand): DJ Sir-Vere Best Club Night (Australia): Redroom Best Club Night (New Zealand): RnB Superclub Best Radio Show: Stolen Records Best Video Clip: Phrase - Hold On Best Producer: P-Money Best Unsigned Artist: Jess Harlen Urban Hero Award: Doug Williams References External links Urban Music Awards Official Website Australian music awards Awards disestablished in 2008

Christine Antoinette Charlotte Desmares (1682 – 12 September 1753), professionally known as Mlle Desmares, was a French stage actress. Scion of a notable comic actor family, she had an active stage career that spanned three decades, performing with the Comédie-Française from 1699 until her retirement in 1721; she was also remembered as a mistress of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France. Life She was born in Copenhagen to the comic actors Nicolas Desmares and Anne d'Ennebault and trained under her aunt la Champmeslé. She made her stage début aged sixteen with the Comédie-Française company on 30 January 1699 in Oreste et Pylade by Lagrange-Chancel. In only three months she became so successful that she was accepted as a sociétaire of the company to replace her aunt, who had left it in 1698. Succeeding her aunt as the company's leading actress, Desmares played tragic roles (such as Hermione in Andromaque by Jean Racine, Émilie in Cinna by Pierre Corneille, and Jocasta in Oedipus by Voltaire) as well as comedy ones (such as Lisette in Le Légataire universel by Regnard and Néréine in Le Curieux impertinent by Destouches); along with her company-mate and rival , Desmares was a follower of high, formal and oratorical style of acting that defined the Comédie-Française in the early 18th century. In light of the younger actress Adrienne Lecouvreur's success that followed her Comédie-Française debut in 1717, Desmares retired in Spring 1721, giving occasional private performances in her retirement; in years to come, she was succeeded by Lecouvreur and, later, by Marie-Anne Botot Dangeville. Early in her career, she was a mistress to the King Louis XIV's son, the Grand Dauphin, and then to his nephew and son-in-law, the Duke of Chartres. With the latter, she had a daughter c. 1700–1702, named Angélique de Froissy by her father and married off to count Henri François de Ségur. Desmares ended her life as the mistress of the Swiss banker Antoine Hogguer, who built the , designed by , for her in Paris at 78 Rue de Varreau. She also built herself another mansion, La Folie Desmares in Châtillon, which still survives. She died in Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1753. Cultural depictions In literature In the picaresque novel Gil Blas, Alain-René Lesage gives what, though disputed, is usually thought to be a literary portrait of Desmares: In art In modern historiography, there are two portraits of Desmares regarded as authentic. One of them is a pastel by Charles-Antoine Coypel, dated to the 1720s, and published in 1733 as an etching by François-Bernard Lépicié; the pastel was mentioned in Desmares' inventory of 1746. In Coypel's pastel, now presumed lost, Desmares is shown holding a mask and a dagger, indicating her abilities in comedy and tragedy, stressed in the quatrain on Lépicié's print. An oil on canvas copy of the pastel, once attributed to Coypel and owned by the painter Pierre-Nolasque Bergeret, was acquired from the latter in 1827 by the Comédie-Française, where it remains. Another authentic portrait of Desmares, painted by Jacques Aved, was listed in Desmares' inventory of 1753; it then passed to her daughter Charlotte d'Amour, remaining until the latter's death in 1783. Aside from aforementioned works, Desmares is also widely associated by scholars, to various success, with numerous paintings by contemporaneous artists such as Jean-Baptiste Santerre and Antoine Watteau. As for Santerre, it had been claimed as early as the late 1870s that his painting of the 1700s, Young Lady with a Letter, was a portrait of Desmares, with no concrete evidence to verify it though; in contrary to that point, it has been said that Santerre's subject does not at all resemble Desmares when compared with Coypel's pastel, and it is actually an imaginary figure in fancy dress, often present in Santerre's late-era art. There is also a wool and silk tapestry after design by Santerre, similar to Young Lady with a Letter, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, showing a woman in fancy dress holding a mask, once identified as Desmares. Another portrait presumed to be of Desmares, attributed to Jean Raoux, was in the writer Arsène Houssaye's collection, sold in 1896. As for Watteau, it has been speculated by scholars that he had some connection to the actress. According to the Soviet scholar Inna Nemilova, Watteau was a life-long admirer of Desmares, to whom and her company-mates he was allegedly introduced by a friend, the librettist Antoine de Laroque; in an article published in the 1984–1985 exhibition catalogue Watteau, 1684–1721, the French theatre historian François Moureau says that Desmares also "had numerous reasons for meeting Watteau." It was long noted that a print by Louis Desplaces after Watteau, showing a woman dressed as pilgrim, has been captioned with Desmares' name; along with Coypel's pastel, it was also said to be an authentic portrait of Desmares. The figure appeared in Watteau's early painting, The Isle of Cythera now in the Städel, Frankfurt, notably related to Florent Carton Dancourt's play The Three Cousins that was believed to feature Desmares as Colette, a pilgrim; a developed version of the subject appears in the lower left corner of Watteau's signature painting, The Embarkation for Cythera. Other paintings by Watteau believed to depict Desmares include The Coquettes, dit Actors of the Comédie-Française, The Dreamer, Fêtes Vénitiennes, and Love in the French Theatre. The supposed connection between Watteau and Desmares became a topic of the 2007 French film on the painter, . Notes References Bibliography . External links Charlotte Desmares at the Comédie-Française official website Biographie sur le site de l'Hôtel de Villeroy 17th-century French actresses 18th-century French actresses French stage actresses 1682 births 1753 deaths Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française Mistresses of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans

Guido Karl Anton List (5 October 1848 – 17 May 1919), better known as Guido von List, was an Austrian occultist, journalist, playwright, and novelist. He expounded a modern Pagan new religious movement known as Wotanism, which he claimed was the revival of the religion of the ancient German race, and which included an inner set of Ariosophical teachings that he termed Armanism. Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Vienna, List claimed that he abandoned his family's Roman Catholic faith in childhood, instead devoting himself to the pre-Christian god Wotan. Spending much time in the Austrian countryside, he engaged in rowing, hiking, and sketching the landscape. From 1877 he began a career as a journalist, primarily authoring articles on the Austrian countryside for nationalist newspapers and magazines. In these he placed a völkisch emphasis on the folk culture and customs of rural people, believing that many of them were survivals of pre-Christian, pagan religion. He published three novels, Carnuntum (1888), Jung Diethers Heimkehr (1894), and Pipara (1895), each set among the German tribes of the Iron Age, as well as authoring several plays. During the 1890s he continued writing völkisch articles, now largely for the nationalist Ostdeutsche Rundschau newspaper, with his works taking on an anti-semitic dimension halfway through that decade. In 1893, he co-founded the Literarische Donaugesellschaft literary society, and involved himself in Austria's Pan-German nationalist movement, a milieu which sought the integration of Austria into the German Empire. During an 11-month period of blindness in 1902, List became increasingly interested in occultism, in particular coming under the influence of the Theosophical Society, resulting in an expansion of his Wotanic beliefs to incorporate Runology and the Armanen Futharkh. The popularity of his work among the völkisch and nationalist communities resulted in the establishment of a List Society in 1908; attracting significant middle and upper-class support, the Society published List's writings and included an Ariosophist inner group, the High Armanen Order, over whom List presided as Grand Master. Through these ventures he promoted the millenarian view that modern society was degenerate, but that it would be cleansed through an apocalyptic event resulting in the establishment of a new Pan-German Empire that would embrace Wotanism. Having erroneously prophesied that this empire would be established by victory for the Central Powers in World War I, List died on a visit to Berlin in 1919. During his lifetime, List became a well-known figure among the nationalist and völkisch subcultures of Austria and Germany, influencing the work of many others operating in this milieu. His work, propagated through the List Society, influenced later völkisch groups such as the Reichshammerbund and Germanenorden, and through those exerted an influence on both the burgeoning Nazi Party and the SS. After World War II his work continued to influence an array of Ariosophic and Heathen practitioners in Europe, Australia, and North America. Biography Early life: 1848–77 Guido Karl Anton List was born on 5 October 1848 in Vienna, then part of the Austrian Empire. Born to a prosperous middle-class family, he was the eldest son of Karl Anton List, a leather goods dealer who was the son of Karl List, a publican and vintner. Guido's mother, Marian List, was the daughter of builder's merchant Franz Anton Killian. List was raised in the city's second bezirk, on the eastern side of the Danube canal. Like most Austrians at the time, his family were members of the Roman Catholic denomination of Christianity, with List being christened into this faith at St Peter's Church in Vienna. Reflecting the family's wealth and bourgeoisie status, in 1851 a watercolour portrait of List was painted by the artist Anton von Anreiter. Accounts suggest that List had a happy childhood. Developing a preference for rural areas rather than urban ones, he enjoyed family visits to the countryside of Lower Austria and Moravia, and – encouraged by his father – he began to sketch and paint the castles, prehistoric monuments, and natural scenery of these areas. According to his later account, he developed an early interest in the pre-Christian religions of Austria, coming to believe that the catacombs beneath St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna had once been a shrine devoted to a pagan deity. He claimed that on an 1862 visit to the catacombs with his father, he knelt before a ruined altar and swore that when an adult he would construct a temple to the ancient god Wotan. Although List wanted to become an artist and scholar, he reluctantly agreed to his father's insistence that he enter the family's leather goods business. During his leisure time he devoted himself to writing and sketching as well as rambling, riding, or rowing in the countryside, becoming both a member of the Viennese rowing club Donauhort and the secretary of the Austrian Alpine Association (Österreichischer Alpenverein). He was involved in both solitary and group expeditions into the Austrian Alps, and it was on one of the latter journeys that he left his mountaineering group to spend Midsummer night alone atop the Geiselberg hillfort. On 24 June 1875 he and four friends rowed down the Danube before camping for the night at the site of the ancient Roman fortification of Carnuntum to commemorate the 1500th anniversary of the Battle of Carnuntum, in which Germanic tribes defeated the Roman Army. List later claimed that while his friends caroused, he celebrated the event with a fire and by burying eight bottles of wine in the shape of a swastika beneath the arch of the monument's Pagan Gate. Early literary endeavours: 1877–1902 In 1877, List's father died. List soon abandoned the leather goods business that he inherited, intent on devoting himself to literary endeavours as a journalist, even if this meant a significant reduction in his income. On 26 September 1878 he married his first wife, Helene Förster-Peters. From 1877 to 1887 he wrote for the nationalist magazines Neue Welt ("New World"), Heimat ("Homeland"), Deutsche Zeitung ("German Newspaper"), and the Neue Deutsche Alpenzeitung ("New German Alpine Newspaper"), with his articles being devoted to the Austrian countryside and the folk customs of its inhabitants. His interpretations emphasised what he believed were the pagan origins of Austrian place-names, customs, and legends, describing the landscape as being embodied by genius loci, and expressing clear German nationalist and völkisch sentiment. In 1888, he published his first novel, Carnuntum, in two volumes. Set in the late fourth century CE, the narrative focused on a romance set against the background of the conflict between Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire around the area of the eponymous Roman fort. The novel established List as a recognised figure within Austria's Pan-German community, a movement of individuals unified in their belief that the majority German-speaking areas of the multi-linguistic and multi-ethnic Austro-Hungarian state should cede and join with the newly established German Empire. The book also brought him to the attention of Friedrich Wannieck, a wealthy industrialist who was the chairman of both the Prague Iron Company and the First Brno Engineering Company. Wannieck was also president of the Verein 'Deutsches Haus' ("'German House' Association"), a nationalist organisation of linguistically German inhabitants of Brno who felt encircled by the largely Czech population of South Moravia. List and Wannieck began corresponding, resulting in a lifelong friendship between the two men. The Verein 'Deutsches Haus' subsequently published three of List's works in its series on German nationalist studies of history and literature. List began regularly writing for a weekly newspaper, the Ostdeutsche Rundschau ("East German Review"), which had been established in 1890 by the Austrian Pan-German parliamentary deputy Karl Wolf. In 1891, List anthologised many of the magazine articles that he had written over the previous decades in his book Deutsch-Mythologische Landschaftsbilder ("German Mythological Landscape Scenes"), extracts of which were then published in the Ostdeutsche Rundschau. Further völkisch articles on various topics pertaining to Austria's folk culture and to its ancient Germanic tribes followed during the 1890s, although midway through that decade his work took on an explicitly anti-semitic nature with articles such as "Die Juden als Staat und Nation" ("The Jews as a State and Nation"). Other Austrian German nationalist newspapers which published his articles during this period included the Bote aus dem Waldviertel ("The Waldviertel Herald") and Kyffhäuser. List began lecturing on these subjects; for instance, in February 1893 he spoke to the nationalist Verein 'Deutsches Geschichte' ("'German History' Association) on the ancient priesthood of Wotan. He also worked as a playwright, and in December 1894 his play Der Wala Erweckung ("The Wala's Awakening") was premiered at an event organised by the Bund der Germanen (Germanic League) which was devoted to the German nationalist cause, with Jews being explicitly banned from attending the event. Alongside his affiliation with the Bund, List was also a member of the Deutscher Turnverein (Germanic Gymnastic League), a strongly nationalistic group to whom he contributed literary works for their events. In 1893, List and Fanny Wschiansky founded a belletristic society devoted to encouraging German nationalist and neo-romantic literature in Vienna, the Literarische Donaugesellschaft ("Danubian Literary Society"). The group was partly based upon the 15th-century Litteraria Sodalita Danubiana created by the Viennese humanist Conrad Celtes, about whom List authored a brief biography in 1893. He also authored two further novels during the 1890s, both of which were historical romances set in Iron Age Germany. The first appeared in 1894 as Jung Diethers Heimkehr ("Young Diether's Homecoming"), which told the story of a young Teuton living in the fifth century who has been forcefully converted to Christianity but who returns to his original solar cult. The second was Pipara, a two-volume story published in 1895 which told the story of an eponymous Quadi maiden who escaped captivity from the Romans to become an empress. In 1898, he then authored a catechism exhibiting a form of pagan deism titled Der Unbesiegbare ("The Invincible"). List's activities had made him a celebrity within the Austrian Pan-German movement, with the editors of the Ostdeutsche Rundschau convening a Guido List evening in April 1895 and South Vienna's Wieden Singers' Club holding a List festival in April 1897. Having divorced his previous wife, in August 1899 List married Anna Wittek, who was from Stecky in Bohemia. Despite List's modern Pagan faith, the wedding was held in an evangelical Protestant church, reflecting the growing popularity of Protestantism among Austria's Pan-German community, who perceived it as a more authentically German form of Christianity than the Catholicism that was popular among Austria-Hungary's other ethnic and linguistic communities. Wittek had previously appeared in a performance of List's Der Wala Erweckung and had publicly recited some of his poetry. Following their marriage, List devoted himself fully to drama, authoring the plays König Vannius ("King Vannius") in 1899, Sommer-Sonnwend-Feuerzauber ("Summer Solstice Fire Magic") in 1901 and Das Goldstück ("The Gold Coin") in 1903. He also authored a pamphlet titled Der Wiederaufbau von Carnuntum ("The Reconstruction of Carnuntum") in 1900, in which he called for the reconstruction of the ancient Roman amphitheatre at Carnuntum as an open-air stage through which Wotanism could be promoted. Later life: 1902–19 According to the historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, 1902 marked "a fundamental change in the character of [List's] ideas: occult ideas now entered his fantasy of the ancient Germanic faith." This began when he received an operation to remove a cataract from his eye, after which he was left blind for eleven months. During this period of rest and recuperation, he contemplated questions surrounding the origins of the German language and the use of runes. He subsequently produced a manuscript detailing what he deemed to be a proto-language of the Aryan race, in which he claimed that occult insight had enabled him to interpret the letters and sounds of both runes and emblems and glyphs found on ancient inscriptions. Terming it "a monumental pseudo-science", Goodrick-Clarke also noted that it constituted "the masterpiece of his occult-nationalist researches". List sent a copy to the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna, but they declined to publish it. In 1903 List published an article in Die Gnosis magazine, which reflected a clear influence from the ideas of the Theosophical Society. List had occasionally used the title of von in his name from 1903 onward, but began using it permanently in 1907. The term was used to denote that an individual was a member of the nobility, and when the nobility archive ordered an official enquiry into List's use of the term, he was called before magistrates in October 1907. He defended his usage of the term with the claim that he was the descendant of aristocrats from Lower Austria and Styria, and that his great-grandfather had abandoned the title to become an inn keeper. Goodrick-Clarke noted that whatever the legitimacy of List's unproven claims, claiming the title of von was "an integral part of [List's] religious fantasy" because in his mind it connected him to the ancient Wotanist priesthood, from whom he believed Austria's aristocrats were descended. It is possible that List decided to adopt the usage of the term after his friend, the fellow prominent Ariosophist Lanz von Liebenfels, had done so in 1903. List's popularity among the Pan-Germanist movement resulted in suggestions that a society devoted to the promotion of List's work be established. This materialised as the Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft in March 1908, which was largely funded by the Wannieck family but which also included many prominent figures from middle and upper-class Austrian and German society. At Midsummer 1911, List founded the High Armanen Order (Hoher Armanen-Ordem), or HAO, as an inner group of Armanist practitioners within the List Society with whom he went on pilgrimages to various places that he believed had been ancient cultic sites associated with the worship of Wotan. He operated as leader of this group, using the title of Grand Master. The List Society also produced six booklets authored by List himself between 1908 and 1911. Titled "Ario-Germanic research reports", they covered List's opinions on the meaning and magical power of runes, the ancient Wotanic priesthood, Austrian folklore and place-names, and the secret messages within heraldic devices. In 1914, the Society then published List's work on runes and language that the Imperial Academy had turned down. The first three of these publications furthered List's reputation across both the völkisch and nationalist subcultures within both Austria and Germany. Many other writers were inspired by List, with a number of works being specifically dedicated to him. The editor of Prana, Johannes Balzli, authored a biography of List that was published in 1917. During World War I, List erroneously proclaimed that there would be victory for the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, claiming to have learned this information from a vision that he experienced in 1917. By 1918, List was in declining health, furthered by the food shortages experienced in Vienna as a result of the war. In the spring of 1919, at the age of 70, List and his wife set off to recuperate and meet followers at the manor house of Eberhard von Brockhusen, a List Society patron who lived at Langen in Brandenburg, Germany. On arrival at the Anhalter Station at Berlin, List felt too exhausted to continue the journey. After a doctor had diagnosed a lung inflammation his health deteriorated quickly, and he died in a Berlin guesthouse on the morning of 17 May 1919. He was cremated in Leipzig and his ashes laid in an urn and then buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery, Zentralfriedhof. An obituary of List authored by Berlin journalist Philipp Stauff then appeared in the Münchener Beobachter. Ideology List promoted a religion termed "Wotanism", which he saw as the exoteric, outer form of pre-Christian Germanic religion, while "Armanism" was the term he applied to what he believed were the esoteric, secret teachings of this ancient belief system. He believed that while Wotanism expounded polytheism for the wider population, those who were members of the Armanist elite were aware of the reality of monotheism. List's Armanism would later be classified as a form of "Ariosophy", a term which was coined by Lanz von Liebenfels in 1915. Goodrick-Clarke considered List's ideas to be a "unique amalgam of nationalist mythology and esotericism". Religious studies scholar Olav Hammer noted that List's Wotanism "increasingly came to consist of an original synthesis of his reading of Germanic mythology with Theosophy". List's early Theosophical influence came largely from the writings of German Theosophist Max Ferdinand Sebaldt von Werth, who had combined Theosophical ideas with his own interpretations of Germanic mythology and emphasis on racial doctrines, thus anticipating Ariosophy. In later work, this Theosophical influence over List's thinking grew, and he began referencing works such as Helena Blavatsky's Die Geheimlehre ("The Secret Doctrine") and William Scott-Elliot's The Lost Lemuria in his publications. He expressed the view that Norse mythology accorded with – and thus proved – the cosmogonical teachings of Theosophy. Much of List's understanding of the ancient past was based not on empirical research into historical, archaeological, and folkloric sources, but rather on ideas that he claimed to have received as a result of clairvoyant illumination. Later writer Richard Rudgley thus characterised List's understanding of the "pagan past" as an "imaginative reconstruction". List's Wotanism was constructed largely on the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda, two Old Norse textual sources which had been composed in Iceland during the late Middle Ages; he nevertheless believed that they accurately reflected the belief systems of Germany, having been authored by "Wotanist" refugees fleeing Christianity. He believed that prior to the spread of Christianity into Northern Europe, there had once been a culturally unified German civilisation that had been spread across much of Europe, which came to be degraded and divided under the impact of Christianity. He believed that the Danubian region of modern Austria had thus been part of this unified German civilisation before the growth of the Roman Empire, an idea in contrast to the view accepted by historians of the time that linguistically German communities only settled in the area during the reign of the Frankish king Charlemagne in the ninth century CE, pushing out the pre-existing linguistically Celtic groups. Runes and the Armanenschaft List believed that the basic teachings of Wotanism were found in the runic alphabet, believing that they could be deciphered by linking these letters with particular runic spells which appear in the Old Norse Havamal. He claimed to have deciphered these secret meanings himself, translating them as statements such as "Know yourself, then you know everything", "Do not fear death, he cannot kill you", "Marriage is the root of the Aryan race!", and "Man is one with God!" List emphasised the importance of a mystical union between humans and the universe, viewing divinity as being immanent in nature, with all life being an emanation of it. Connected to this, he believed in a close identification between the racial group – the volk or folk – and the natural world. List believed that human beings had an immortal soul, and that it would be reincarnated according to the laws of karma until eventually uniting with divinity. In the 1890s, List initially devised the idea that ancient German society had been led by a hierarchical system of initiates, the Armanenschaft, an idea which had developed into a key part of his thinking by 1908. List's image of the Armanenschaft's structure was based largely on his knowledge of Freemasonry. He claimed that the ancient brotherhood had consisted of three degrees, each with their own secret signs, grips, and passwords. He believed that the Armanenschaft had societal control over the ancient German people, acting as teachers, priests, and judges. In List's interpretation of history, the Christian missionaries persecuted the Armanenschaft, resulting in many fleeing northward into Scandinavia and Iceland. He believed that they developed a secretive language for transmitting their teachings, known as kala. List claimed that after the Christianisation of Northern Europe, the Armanist teachings were passed down in secret, thus resulting in their transmission through later esoteric traditions such as Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism. He also claimed that the Medieval Knights Templar had been keepers of these Armanist secrets, and that they had been persecuted by the Christian establishment as a result of this; he believed that the deity they were accused of worshiping, Baphomet, was actually a sigil of the Maltese Cross representing Armanist teachings. According to List, a number of prominent Renaissance humanists – including Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Giordano Bruno, Johannes Trithemius, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, and Johann Reuchlin – were also aware of this ancient Armanist teaching, with List claiming that he was actually the reincarnation of Reuchlin. In addition, List claimed that in the eighth century, Armanists had imparted their secret teachings to the Jewish rabbis of Cologne in the hope of preserving them from Christian persecution; he believed that these teachings became the Kabbalah, which he therefore reasoned was an ancient German and not Jewish innovation, thus legitimising its usage in his own teachings. Rudgley stated that this "tortuous argument" was used to support List's anti-semitic agenda. Millenarian views List generally saw the world in which he was living as one of degeneration, comparing it with the societies of the Late Roman and Byzantine Empires. He bemoaned the decline of the rural peasantry through urbanisation, having witnessed how Vienna's population tripled between 1870 and 1890, resulting in overcrowding, a growth in diseases like tuberculosis, and a severe strain on the city's resources. A staunch monarchist, he opposed all forms of democracy, feminism, and modern trends in the arts, such as those of the Vienna Secessionists. Influenced by the Pan-Germanist politician Georg Ritter von Schönerer and his Away from Rome! movement, List decried the growing influence of linguistically Slavic communities within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was opposed to laissez-faire capitalism and large-scale enterprise, instead favouring an economic system based on small-scale artisans and craftsmen, being particularly unhappy with the decline in tradesmen's guilds. He was similarly opposed to the modern banking sector and financial institutions, deeming it to be dominated by Jews; in criticising these institutions, he expressed anti-semitic sentiments. Such views of the country's economic situation were not uncommon in Austria at the time, having become particularly widespread following the Panic of 1873. The later Heathen and runologist Edred Thorsson noted that List's "theories were to some degree based on the anti-semitic dogmas of the day", while Hammer stated that the Ariosophic tradition promulgated by List and others was "unambiguously racist and anti-semitic". List believed that the degradation of modern Western society was as a result of a conspiracy orchestrated by a secret organisation known as the Great International Party, an idea influenced by anti-semitic conspiracy theories. Adopting a millenarianist perspective, he believed in the imminent defeat of this enemy and the establishment of a better future for the Ario-German race. In April 1915 he welcomed the start of World War I as a conflict that would bring about the defeat of Germany's enemies and the establishment of a golden age for the new Ario-German Empire. Toward the war's end, he believed that the German war dead would be reincarnated as a generation who would push through with a national revolution and establish this new, better society. For List, this better future would be intricately connected to the ancient past, reflecting his belief in the cyclical nature of time, something which he had adopted both from a reading of Norse mythology and from Theosophy. Reflecting his monarchist beliefs, he envisioned this future state as being governed by the House of Habsburg, with a revived feudal system of land ownership being introduced through which land would be inherited by a man's eldest son. In List's opinion, this new empire would be highly hierarchical, with non-Aryans being subjugated under the Aryan population and opportunities for education and jobs in public service being restricted to those deemed racially pure. He envisioned this Empire following the Wotanic religion which he promoted. Influence and legacy Writing in 2003, the historian of religion Mattias Gardell believed that List had become the "revered guru of Ariosophic paganism". Gardell considered the Austrian esotericist to have been "a legend in his lifetime", with List's ideas being embraced by many völkisch groups in Germany. German members of the List Society included Philipp Stauff, Eberhard von Brockhusen, Karl Hellwig, Georg Hauerstein, and Bernhard Koerner, who were founding members of the Reichshammerbund and Germanenorden; through the Germanenorden's Munich offshoot, the Thule Society, a vague lineage can be drawn between the List Society and the early Nazi Party as it was established after World War I. Goodrick-Clarke opined that "this channel of influence certainly carries most weight in any assessment of List's historical importance." Rudgley claimed that List's vision of a future German Empire constituted "a blueprint for the Nazi regime". Other German völkisch figures promoted Listian ideas to the wider public during and after the First World War. Further individuals — notably Rudolf John Gorsleben, Werner von Bülow, Friedrich Bernhard Marby, Herbert Reichstein, and Frodi Ingolfson Werhmann — took List's Ariosophical ideas alongside those of Liebenfels and built upon them further, resulting in a flourishing Ariosophical movement in the late 1920s and 1930s, with some of these individuals being within the coterie of prominent Nazi Heinrich Himmler and influencing the symbolism and rituals of the SS. He has also exerted an influence on the Australian Odinist and Ariosophist Alexander Rud Mills. Both Goodrick-Clarke and later the religious studies scholar Stefanie von Schnurbein described List as "the pioneer of völkisch rune occultism", with the latter adding that "the roots of modern esoteric runology are found in Guido List's visions." In 1984, Thorsson expressed the view that List's impact was such that he was "able to shape the runic theories of German magicians (although not necessarily their political ones) from that time to the present day." In 1976, two longstanding activists in the völkisch and far-right milieu, Adolf and Sigrun Schleipfer, established the Armanen-Order in order to revive List's ideas, adopting a strong anti-modernist stance and a desire to revive pre-Christian religion. It was through the Armanen-Order that Thorsson, who joined it, learned about List's work. Thorsson then spearheaded "the post-war runic revival", founding an initiatory organisation known as the Rune Gild in 1980. Thorsson was responsible for translating a number of List's works into English, alongside those of other völkisch mystics like Siegfried Adolf Kummer. These publications brought awareness of List to an English-speaking readership, with his 1988 translation of List's The Secret of the Runes initiating a surge of interest in Ariosophy among the Heathen community of the United States. List's runology also made an appearance in Stephan Grundy's 1990 book Teutonic Magic. List's Armanist ideas have been cited as an inspiration for the American Odinist militant David Lane, with Wotansvolk, a group that List was involved in establishing, viewing their own activism as a continuation of that begun by List. List was also of interest to the Heathen Michael Moynihan, who spent time visiting the places in Austria that are associated with List's life. Bibliography A bibliography of List's published books is provided in Goodrick-Clarke's study The Occult Roots of Nazism. References Footnotes Sources 1848 births 1919 deaths Adherents of Germanic neopaganism Austrian modern pagans Austrian astrologers 20th-century astrologers Austrian occultists Journalists from Vienna 19th-century Austrian dramatists and playwrights Austrian expatriates in Germany Writers from Vienna People from Leopoldstadt Pseudohistorians Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery Deaths from pneumonia in Germany Austrian male dramatists and playwrights Former Roman Catholics Modern pagan novelists Founders of modern pagan movements 19th-century occultists 20th-century occultists

The 2016 Arizona Democratic presidential primary was held on March 22 in the U.S. state of Arizona as one of the Democratic Party's primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election. On the same day, the Democratic Party held caucuses in Idaho and Utah, while the Republican Party held primaries in two states, including their own Arizona primary and a primary in American Samoa. Voter suppression controversy There was controversy surrounding the Arizona primary elections of 2016, specifically having to do with the decrease in polling places in Maricopa County from 200 in 2012 to only 60 in 2016, enacted by Republican officials despite the number of registered voters having increased from 300,000 in 2012 to 800,000 in 2016. This decrease in polling places was most pronounced in minority neighborhoods, most notably Latino neighborhoods, with areas like Central Phoenix having only one polling place for 108,000 voters. There were also reports of voters who had been previously registered coming up as unregistered or registered as an independent, making them ineligible to vote in the closed primary. Voters who did manage to vote had to stand in long lines to cast their ballots, some for as long as five hours. Additionally, voters reported being required to vote with a provisional ballot. In 2005, Arizona threw out 27,878 provisional ballots, counting only about 72.5% of the total provisional ballots reported. This was the first election in the state of Arizona since the 2013 Supreme Court decision to strike down Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which would have previously required states with a history of voter discrimination, including Arizona, to receive Federal approval before implementing any changes to voting laws and practices. In Maricopa County, Republican officials have conducted voter purges that disproportionately affected poor and minority areas. Within a day after the election took place on March 22, a petition went viral on the White House petitions site asking the Department of Justice to investigate voter suppression and election fraud in Arizona. The petition reached 100,000 signatures in 40 hours, and as of June 5, 2016, nearly 220,000 people had signed the petition. The White House responded on May 20, 2016. In addition, Phoenix mayor Greg Stanton asked the Justice Department to launch an investigation into the allegations of voter suppression. Both the Clinton and Sanders campaigns, as well as the Democratic National Committee, sued the Arizona state government over the alleged voter suppression. The Department of Justice has since launched a federal investigation into the primary. Opinion polling Results Detailed results per congressional district Results by county Analysis A Clinton win in Arizona was expected; she had beat Barack Obama in the state eight years earlier by a similar wide margin, and she generally performed well with minority voters in the 2016 primaries. She won in counties with high populations of Hispanic voters, including the largest county Maricopa where the capital city of Phoenix is located, and she also performed well in counties with large populations of Native Americans including Apache County and Navajo County. Sanders won only in Coconino County. Bernie Sanders made a late play for the state of Arizona, including airing Spanish-language ads featuring Congressman Raúl Grijalva. Hillary Clinton offset his efforts with advertising featuring former Congresswoman Gabby Giffords, and airing radio ads in the Navajo language. References Arizona Democratic primary 2016 Electoral fraud in the United States Voter suppression March 2016 events in the United States

Anguilla is an island in the Leeward Islands. It has numerous bays, including Barnes, Little, Rendezvous, Shoal, and Road Bays. Statistics Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, east of Puerto Rico Geographic coordinates: 18°15′ N, 63°10′ W Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total: land: water: Area – comparative: about half the size of Washington, D.C. Coastline: 61 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: territorial sea: Climate: tropical moderated by northeast trade winds Terrain: flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Crocus Hill 73 m Natural resources: salt, fish, lobster Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 0% forests and woodland: 61.1% other: 38.9% (mostly rock with some commercial salt ponds) Natural hazards: frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October) Environment – current issues: supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing demand largely because of poor distribution system. Islands and cays The territory of Anguilla consists of the island of Anguilla itself (by far the largest), as well as numerous other islands and cays, most of which are very small and uninhabited. These include: Anguillita Blowing Rock Cove Cay Crocus Cay Deadman's Cay Dog Island East Cay Little Island Little Scrub Island Mid Cay North Cay Prickly Pear Cays Rabbit Island Sandy Island, also known as Sand Island Scilly Cay Scrub Island Seal Island Sombrero, also known as Hat Island South Cay South Wager Island West Cay Districts Anguilla is divided into fourteen districts: Climate Anguilla features a tropical wet and dry climate under the Köppen climate classification. The island has a rather dry climate, moderated by northeast trade winds. Temperatures vary little throughout the year. Average daily maxima range from about in December to in July. Rainfall is erratic, averaging about per year, the wettest months being September and October, and the driest February and March. Anguilla is vulnerable to hurricanes from June to November, peak season August to mid-October. The island suffered damage in 1995 from Hurricane Luis. Vegetation Anguilla's coral and limestone terrain provide no subsistence possibilities for forests, woodland, pastures, crops, or arable lands. Its dry climate and thin soil hamper commercial agricultural development. See also References External links Caribbean-On-Line.com provides detailed maps of Anguilla. Districts of Anguilla, Statoids.com Anguilla 2001 Census, Government of Anguilla

The Landover Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by CSX Transportation. It runs from the Anacostia section of Washington, D.C., to Landover, Maryland, serving as a freight train bypass of Washington Union Station. At the Landover end, the line connects to the Amtrak Northeast Corridor (NEC). CSX operates freight trains on an section of the NEC between Landover and its Popes Creek Subdivision. At two points along the Landover Subdivision there are connections to the Alexandria Extension, part of the Capital Subdivision. The Capital Subdivision supports freight trains headed northward to Baltimore, and southward to a connection with the Metropolitan Subdivision, for points west of Washington. The southern end of the Landover Subdivision connects to the RF&P Subdivision, which carries freight trains southward across the Long Bridge into Virginia. History The Landover Subdivision was built c. 1870 by the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad (B&P), which was controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR). This was part of the B&P's Washington City Branch, the railroad's initial route from Baltimore to Washington. At that time the branch included the Anacostia Railroad Bridge and the Virginia Avenue Tunnel, and the route continued past the tunnel to the B&P passenger station at Sixth Street and B Street NW and the Long Bridge. The Magruder Branch, a new route into Washington for passenger trains, was built c. 1907 from Landover westward to the new Union Station, and the old B&P station was demolished. (The Magruder Branch is now part of the NEC.) Subsequently, the PRR used the old route only for freight trains and called this the "Landover to South End" section in its Maryland Division. The PRR installed catenary lines during the 1930s to support use of electric locomotives. Conrail, the successor company to the PRR, removed the electric lines c. 1982. CSX acquired the Landover Subdivision following the breakup of Conrail in 1999. See also List of CSX Transportation lines References CSX Transportation lines Pennsylvania Railroad lines Rail infrastructure in Maryland Rail infrastructure in Washington, D.C.

Symphony is an instant messaging service designed for use by financial firms. It offers features such as encryption, group messaging, the ability to share rich content, and support for third-party plugins. Symphony is developed by Symphony Communication Services. History The technology was initially developed by Goldman Sachs as an internal messaging system called Live Current. In October 2014, Goldman Sachs and 14 other financial institutions invested $66 million to establish Symphony Communication Services LLC and acquire Perzo, Inc., a secure communication application known for its end-to-end encryption messaging. Perzo was founded by David Gurle in 2012, and he served as Symphony's CEO from 2014 to 2021. Perzo played a role in developing communication solutions for Skype, Thomson Reuters, and Microsoft. Symphony 2.0 was announced during the company's annual Innovate Conference in New York City in October 2019. This new version introduced features like a customizable user interface and smart notifications. The release of software components called Elements aimed to facilitate the development of custom applications on the Symphony platform. Symphony 2.0 was launched one year later. By 2020, Symphony claimed to have amassed over 400,000 users on its platform. Brad Levy joined Symphony in July 2020 as the president and chief commercial officer. In June 2021, he assumed the role of chief executive officer after former founder David Gurle stepped down from the executive position. Levy had previous experience working at Goldman Sachs and IHS Markit before joining Symphony. Funding In September 2014, fifteen financial firms, including Bank of America and BNY Mellon, made investments in Symphony. In October 2015, Symphony announced a successful funding round of $100 million, led by Google. Lakestar, Natixis, and other firms also participated in the investment. In May 2017, Symphony secured an additional $63 million in funding from BNP Paribas and existing investors, resulting in a total valuation of the company surpassing $1 billion. In June 2019, Symphony announced a funding round of $165 million with a valuation of $1.4 billion. Standard Chartered, MUFG Innovation Partners, and other undisclosed current and new investors contributed to the funding. Since September 2014, Symphony has raised a total of $460 million. The company's most recent funding round took place in December 2020, known as the Series E round, where it raised $50 million from existing investors. Acquisitions On November 28, 2014, Symphony Communication Services LLC completed the acquisition of technology assets from Collaboration Services, the open messaging network developed by Markit Ltd. The financial details of the transaction were not disclosed. On August 2, 2021, Symphony Communication Services LLC acquired StreetLinx, a counterparty mapping platform. License The Symphony Software Foundation has announced its decision to use the Apache License 2.0 for providing the software as open-source. The foundation will make the contributions available through its GitHub repository. References External links Reason - UK implementation partner Project management software Collaborative software Goldman Sachs

The Unbelievable Gwenpool, more commonly called Unbelievable Gwenpool, is a manga-influenced superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics, featuring Gwenpool as its main protagonist. The series was a spin-off from the character's feature in a Howard the Duck comic, and was Gwenpool's first solo series. The series lasted 26 issues, #1–25 and a special #0 that collected her intro material. The series ran from June 2016 to April 2018. Publication history Gwenpool's first appearance was on a variant cover for Deadpool's Secret Secret Wars, and the character became a surprising hit among fans despite not appearing in an actual comic. After receiving a holiday special one-shot and appearing as a secondary character in a Howard the Duck story, Marvel announced the release of Unbelievable Gwenpool in December 2015, retaining the core creative team of Christopher Hastings and Gurihiru who had developed the Gwenpool holiday one-shot. The series debuted in June 2016, and released a special #0 issue along with Unbelievable Gwenpool #2 that collected the character's Christmas and Howard the Duck adventures. Reception According to comic book review aggregator Comic Book Roundup, Unbelievable Gwenpool has an average review score of 8 out of 10, indicating generally favorable reviews. Critics generally praised Hastings' writing (noting that he did not bog down the character in origin stories), and especially the art from Gurihiru, but criticized the series for being a "cynical cashgrab" and for "cringe-worthy" dialogue and pacing issues near the end of the series' run. Kinja's Observation Deck wrote favorably of the last issue, where Gwenpool converses with other characters outside the fabric of reality in an effort to understand her actions, saying that the series finale demonstrated the "incredible power of comic books." According to trade publication ICv2, the first issue of Unbelievable Gwenpool was the 6th best-selling comic for April 2016, selling 100,852 units. Accolades Unbelievable Gwenpool won second place in the 2018 Gaiman Awards for the first two volumes of Unbelievable Gwenpool. Collected editions Unbelievable Gwenpool Vol. 1: Believe It [#0-4] () Unbelievable Gwenpool Vol. 2: Head of Modok [#5-10] () Unbelievable Gwenpool Vol. 3: Totally in Continuity [#11-15] ) Unbelievable Gwenpool Vol. 4: Beyond The Fourth Wall [#16-20] () Unbelievable Gwenpool Vol. 5: Lost In The Plot [#21-25] () In other media Hulu aired a M.O.D.O.K. animated series, featuring the Mercenary Organization Dedicated Only to Killing introduced in The Unbelievable Gwenpool, with MODOK voiced by Patton Oswalt, who also co-wrote and executive produced the series with Jordan Blum. In 2021 Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home, the initial spell Peter Parker attempts to have Doctor Strange cast to make the world forget he is Spider-Man, and the spell he ultimately later has Strange cast alongside the barriers of the multiverse to make his existence completely forgotten to the entire world, are respectively adapted from The Amazing Spider-Man storyline "One Moment in Time" and the Unbelievable Gwenpool storyline "Believe It", introduced as a spell Gwen has Strange cast to make her original world forget her existence; Strange additionally compliments Benedict Cumberbatch's portrayal of him in the original storyline. References External links Unbelievable Gwenpool at the Marvel Database Superhero comics Comedy comics 2016 comics debuts Marvel Comics titles Isekai comics Original English-language manga Aromanticism in fiction Asexuality in fiction

Ryan Matthew Hendrix (born December 16, 1994) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds. Amateur career Hendrix attended Cypress Woods High School in Cypress, Texas. He was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 17th round of the 2013 MLB draft, but did not sign and attended Texas A&M University. In 2015, Hendrix played for the United States collegiate national team. Against Cuba, Hendrix, Tanner Houck, and A. J. Puk combined to throw a no-hitter. Hendrix was drafted by the Cincinnati Reds in the 5th round, with the 138th overall selection, of the 2016 MLB draft, and signed with them. Professional career Cincinnati Reds Hendrix split his professional debut season of 2016 between the Billings Mustangs and the Dayton Dragons, going a combined 3–1 with a 3.57 ERA and 36 strikeouts over innings. He split the 2017 season between Dayton and the Daytona Tortugas, going a combined 5–5 with a 2.90 ERA and 88 strikeouts over 62 innings. He spent the 2018 season with Daytona, going 4–4 with a 1.76 ERA and 79 strikeouts over 51 innings. He split the 2019 season between the Arizona League Reds and the Chattanooga Lookouts, going a combined 4–0 with a 1.85 ERA and 31 strikeouts over innings. On November 20, 2019, the Reds added Hendrix to their 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft. He did not play a minor league game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 23, 2021, Hendrix was promoted to the major leagues for the first time. He made his MLB debut that day, pitching a shutout inning of relief against the St. Louis Cardinals. In the game, he also recorded his first two major league strikeouts, punching out Justin Williams and Tommy Edman. On April 24, 2022, Hendrix was designated for assignment by the Reds. He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Triple-A Louisville on April 29. He had his contract selected back to the major league roster on July 16, and was returned to the minors on July 19. He again had his contract selected on July 30. In 9 total games for Cincinnati, Hendrix recorded a 5.40 ERA with 9 strikeouts in innings pitched. On October 15, Hendrix was removed from the 40-man roster and sent outright to Triple–A Louisville. On October 20, Hendrix elected to become a free agent. Arizona Diamondbacks On December 9, 2022, Hendrix signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He made only three appearances for the Triple–A Reno Aces, posting a 3.00 ERA with 2 strikeouts in 3.0 innings of work. On August 30, 2023, Hendrix was released by the Diamondbacks organization. References External links Texas A&M Aggies bio 1994 births Living people Arizona League Reds players Baseball players from Texas Billings Mustangs players Chattanooga Lookouts players Cincinnati Reds players Dayton Dragons players Daytona Tortugas players Louisville Bats players Major League Baseball pitchers Mat-Su Miners players Reno Aces players Sportspeople from Lufkin, Texas Texas A&M Aggies baseball players

WFLB (96.5 FM, "Bob FM") is a classic hits radio station located in Fayetteville, North Carolina, owned by Beasley Broadcasting Group, Inc., through licensee Beasley Media Group, LLC. The WFLB studios are located east of downtown Fayetteville, and its transmitter is located north of Lumberton, North Carolina. History WEWO-FM began in Laurinburg in 1947, a sister station to WEWO. Don Curtis purchased the stations in 1968, and WEWO-FM became a Christian radio station called WSTS, The station received a power increase to 100,000 watts to reach Fayetteville. Durham Life Broadcasting later bought the stations. In 1989, WSTS dropped religious programming and became CHR WMXF "Mix 96" Dale O'Brian, former Program Director/Morning host at WKSI in Greensboro was hired as Program Director of MIX 96. He brought in talent from the Greensboro market and the station did very well. The airstaff was arguably the best in the market. The lineup included Dale O'Brian and Tank Sherman on mornings, Leah Scott on Mid-days, Pete Moss in Afternoons, Joe Mama Nights and Sammy Simpson late nights. The station created great street buzz and was very visible in the Fayetteville market. The WSTS letters and a similar format moved to a station in Fairmont. Durham Life sold its radio stations, and Curtis once again owned the 96.5 frequency, as well as other Durham Life stations. On April 1, 1993, WMXF began stunting with a loop of "Louie, Louie" by The Kingsmen, changing the station's name temporarily to "Louis 96.5." The real format turned out to be "Oldies 96.5," and the call letters changed to WAZZ. Beasley Broadcasting bought WAZZ in the mid-1990s, along with WFLB, the former Top 40 station in Fayetteville. Beasley gave WAZZ and WFLB each other's callsigns. The AM began broadcasting February 18, 1948, on 1490 kHz with 250 watts of power. The station was operated by Fayetteville Broadcasters Inc. On December 30, 2005, Oldies 96.5 changed to classic hits as 96.5 the Drive. Program director Dave Stone described the difference this way: oldies included Buddy Holly and Elvis Presley, while classic hits focuses on the 70s and artists such as the Eagles and the Doobie Brothers. On March 14, 2011 WFLB changed their format to adult hits, branded as "Bob FM" The final song as 96.5 The Drive was Elton John's Funeral for a Friend. The first songs as 96.5 Bob FM were The Gap Band's You Dropped a Bomb on Me and R.E.M.'s Losing My Religion. While the station initially used the slogan “we play everything” along with a wide variety of music from the 1960s through 2000s, the station has since shifted to a classic hits format, emphasizing pop and rock hits from the 1970s and 1980s, with occasional hits from the 1990s. On November 1, 2019, WFLB changed to a holiday music format, ending their regular music format temporarily until Christmas 2019. Expiration of License On September 1, 2019, at 8:33 AM EDT, a message played on an ad break during a rerun of Casey Kasem's American Top 40 that the Federal Communications Commission warned listeners that on December 1, 2019, that users may not be able to listen to WFLB anymore. On December 1, 2019, Beasley Broadcasting Group, the parent company of WFLB, has renewed its license with the FCC, extending the tenure of the radio station for another 7 years, now ending in 2026. References External links FLB Bob FM stations FLB

Marian Dziędziel (born 5 August 1947) is a Polish actor. He received three Polish Academy Award for Best Actor nominations and won once for his role in The Wedding (2004). In his career spanning half a century, Dziędziel has appeared in more than one hundred films and television series. Selected filmography References External links 1947 births Living people Polish male film actors Polish male television actors Polish male stage actors People from Wodzisław County Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta

Igunga is one of the seven districts of the Tabora Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by the Shinyanga Region, to the east by the Singida Region, to the south by the Uyui District and to the west by the Nzega District. Its administrative seat is the town of Igunga. Igunga is now divided by two Constituencys: Igunga Constituency and Manonga Constituency, whereby Manonga town is Choma Chankola. Igunga is the second district in production According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Igunga District was 325,547. . According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census, the population of Igunga District was 399,727. Transport Paved Trunk road T3 from Morogoro to Rwanda passes through the district from east to west. Administrative subdivisions As of 2012, Igunga District was administratively divided into 35 wards. Wards Igunga Bukoko Mtunguru Nanga Itumba Nguvumoja Mbutu Isakamaliwa Igurubi Kinungu Itunduru Kining'inila Mwamashiga Mwamashimba Mwamakona Choma Chankola Ngulu Ntobo Mwashiku Ziba Ibologero Nyandekwa Kitangiri Ndembezi Nkinga Ugaka Simbo Mwisi Chabutwa Sungwisi Kambi ya chupa Mwamala Uswaya Tambarale Igoweko Sources Igunga District Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census References Districts of Tabora Region

Friedrich Wilhelm Andreas Schwinge (30 March 1852, Hamburg - 22 October 1913, Hamburg) was a German landscape and seascape painter; associated with the Düsseldorfer Malerschule. Biography He was born to Hermann Diedrich Schwinge, a greengrocer, and his wife, Caroline Maria Dorothea née Hansen. After completing his primary education, he served an apprenticeship as a Woodcutter. He was unable to find suitable work, so he sang and acted in small parts at theaters in Kiel. During his free time, he practiced painting and drawing; copying artworks at the local museum. Later, some of this was done on commission. In 1879, the quality of his work led to his being presented with a stipendium, to cover the cost of formal lessons. From 1879 to 1884, he was enrolled at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, where he studied with Johann Peter Theodor Janssen, Eugen Dücker, Hugo Crola and Heinrich Lauenstein. While there, he was awarded an additional scholarship. He sold his first painting at an exhibition in 1882. After graduating, he returned to Hamburg. In 1886, he married the widow, Fernanda Georgine Wilhelmine Brügmann, née Durchbach. She had a son from her first marriage, and they had a son together; Kurt, who would become an amateur filmmaker. Also in 1886, the bought several of his watercolors for their annual raffle. They would do so again on several occasions. He became a member in 1896, and was elected to their governing committee the following year. The year 1897 also saw the creation of one of his largest projects: a series of dioramas for the "Vegetationshalle" at the (International Horticultural Exhibition), held at Hamburg's Planten un Blomen park. They were called the "Vegetationsgalerie", consisting of ten scenes with natural foregrounds and painted backgrounds. He was assisted by the panoramic landscape artist, Robert Gleich (1855-1928), and the sculptor, Max Meißner (1859–1942). He began to have marital difficulties in 1898, after Fernanda's son, Edgar, died at the age of twenty-three. The divorce was finalized in 1904. A few months later, he married Martha Christine Margarethe Hüttmann, the daughter of a coal dealer, who was twenty-five years his junior. In August, 1913, as many as twenty of his paintings were stolen from the Alsterthor Art Salon. Shortly after, the police apprehended a former servant of the salon's owner, who was in possession of three paintings. He had already sold two, but refused to make a statement about any of the others that were missing. He was apparently responsible for several other smaller thefts involving Schwinge's paintings that had occurred over the previous months. In October, Schwinge died of a heart attack. There has been some speculation that it was stress-induced. A memorial exhibition and sale was held the following month. The borough of Altona purchased a statue of a shepherd that was intended for his grave, and placed it in a city park. A street in Hamburg's Groß Flottbek district was named after him. In addition to his painting, he accepted some students; mostly schoolgirls. A few would become well known, such as , , Emmi Walther, and Mary Warburg. References Further reading "Schwinge, Friedrich", In: Dresslers Kunsthandbuch 1907, pg.187 (Online) "Schwinge, Friedrich Wilhelm", In: Ernst Rump: Lexikon der bildenden Künstler Hamburgs, Altonas und der näheren Umgebung, Otto Bröcker & Co., Hamburg 1912, pg.126 (Online) "Schwinge, Friedrich Wilhelm", In: Volker Detlef Heydorn, Maler in Hamburg. Vol.3: 1966–1974. Hans Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1974, , pg.142 Anne-Catherine Krüger: "Schwinge, Friedrich Wilhelm", In: Der neue Rump. Lexikon der bildenden Künstler Hamburgs, Wachholtz, Neumünster 2013, , pg.420 External links More works by Schwinge @ ArtNet 1852 births 1913 deaths 19th-century German painters German landscape painters German marine artists Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni Artists from Hamburg 20th-century German painters

This is a list of winners and nominees of the South Indian International Movie Awards for Best Actor in the Malayalam film(s). The first recipient of this award was Mohanlal received at the 1st South Indian International Movie Awards held on 22 June 2012 in Dubai. Superlatives Special recognition Most Popular Actor in Middil East Award For Mohanlal Winners and nominations See also SIIMA for Best Actress – Malayalam SIIMA for Best Film – Malayalam References Best Actor Malayalam Awards for male actors

Brihad-bhagavatamrita is a sacred text for followers of the Hindu tradition of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. Along with Hari-bhakti-vilasa, it is one of the most important works of Vaishnava theologian Sanatana Goswami. While Hari-bhakti-vilasa sets out guidance for Vaishnava behavior and ritual, Brihad-bhagavatamrita contains an analysis of the teachings of Chaitanya from an ontological and metaphysical perspective. Contents Sri Brhad-bhagavatāmṛta is divided in two cantos: Pūrva-khaṇḍa, or first, and Uttar-khaṇḍa, or last. The name of the First Canto is Śrī Bhagavat-kṛpā-sāra-nirdhāraṇa khaṇḍa – Ascertaining the Essence of the Mercy of the Supreme Lord. The Second Canto is known as Śrī Golokamāhātmya- nirūpaṇa khaṇḍa – Ascertaining the Glories of Śrī Goloka. In the first part of Brihad-bhagavatamrita Sanatana Goswami has described a conversation between Parikshit and his mother, Uttara. It took place after Parikshit heard the Bhagavata Purana from Śuka. Uttara asked her son to explain the essence of Bhagavata Purana, and Parikshit revealed to her the stages of confidential Bhakti. He told her a story about how Narada was looking for greatest devotee of Krishna. The Great Rishi began his search with devotees of Krishna whose Bhakti was mixed with karma and jnana (Brahma and Shiva), then went up to Shanta-rasa (Prahlada), Dasya-rasa (Hanuman), Sakhya-rasa (Arjuna), and finally came to the greatest devotee of Krishna - Uddhava, who always longed to be in Vrindavan, and showed that the highest level of Bhakti is the love of the gopis for Krishna. The second part of Brihad-bhagavatamrita tells us about the glory and bliss of the spiritual abode Goloka, as well as of the process of renunciation of the material world, true knowledge, Bhakti Yoga, love for Krishna and implementation of the higher purpose of life. The second part contains the narrative of a wandering shepherd boy, who received a mantra from a resident of Vrindavan, travelling from one planetary system to another, exploring the different levels of consciousness of living beings. His spiritual odyssey covers Vaikuntha, Brahmaloka, Shivaloka and the heavenly planets. Second Canto contains four chapters: (1) Vairāgya – Renunciation (2) Jñāna – Knowledge (3) Bhajana – Devotional Service (4) Vaikuṇṭha – The Spiritual World Each of the two cantos of this scripture is a separate history. Our worshipful author has not merely written two histories. Rather, for facilitating the worship of the divine couple, Śrī Śrī Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa, he has thoroughly analyzed Their Lordships’ fundamental reality and nature. Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam is the essence of all scriptures, such as the Vedas, Vedānta, Purāṇas, Itihāsas, and so on. By churning that essence, this book, aptly named Śrī Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta – the Essential Nectar of the Bhāgavatam – has become manifest. Throughout this book, all topics regarding devotional service to Bhagavān have been presented. The original discourse of the book between Śrī Jaimini and Janamejaya is based on a conversation between Śrī Parīkṣit and Uttarā. After Śrī Parīkṣit had heard Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam from the lips of Śrī Śukadeva Gosvāmī, and before the snake-bird Takṣaka arrived, Parīkṣit's mother, Śrī Uttarā-devī, said to him, “O my dear son, please narrate to me, in simple, easy-to-understand language, the essence of what you have heard from Śrī Śukadeva Gosvāmī.” Śrī Bṛhadbhāgavatāmṛta begins with this inquiry. In the Second Canto, the author examines all the manifestations and incarnations of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, beginning with Śrī Śālagrāma Bhagavān and ending with Śrī Nandanandana, the beloved son of Śrī Nanda Mahārāja. This volume begins with the history of Gopa-kumāra. Gopa-kumāra receives the gopāla-mantra from his gurudeva. Due to the influence of this gopāla-mantra, it becomes possible for him to travel to all abodes without restriction. First, he takes darśana of the manifestations of Bhagavān that appear in this earthly realm, or Bhū-maṇḍala, such as Śrī Śālagrāma Bhagavān; the Deity manifestation of the Lord who is ensconced in the palace of the king; and the ancient Deity of Śrī Jagannāthadeva. He sequentially describes their progressively greater glories. Then, by the influence of the chanting of his mantra, he reaches the planets of Svarga, Mahar, Janas, Tapas, and Satya, where one by one he has divine vision of the worshipable manifestations of the Lord who manifest in those abodes. Thus he also experiences Their transcendental excellences in succession. Yet Gopa-kumāra does not experience complete happiness in those places. Thereafter, he takes darśana of the manifestations of Bhagavān that are present in the eight coverings of the universe and arrives in the abode of liberation. In mukti-loka, the realm of liberation, Gopakumāra sees the manifestation of the brilliance of the Supreme Person, but still, complete satisfaction eludes him. After this, in accordance with regulative principles, he performs saṅkīrtana of the holy name, the most prominent of the nine processes of bhakti. By the potency of nāma-saṅkīrtana, he travels first to Vaikuṇṭha, then to Ayodhyā, and then to Dvārakā-purī. However, because in those realms the mood of aiśvarya, or awe and reverence for the Lord, is prominent, he cannot freely associate with the worshipful manifestations of the Supreme Person there. Finally, Gopa-kumāra returns to Vṛndāvana manifest on earth, where he executes rāgānugā bhakti, spontaneous devotional service that follows the moods of the eternal associates of Vraja. By the potency of his practice of rāgānugā bhakti, he attains Goloka-Vṛndāvana. There, he obtains his cherished goal – service to Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the son of the king of Vraja. One should not conclude from this history that there is any difference in the tattva, or fundamental truth, of the various manifestations of Bhagavān. All manifestations of the Lord are complete, from Śrī Śālagrāma Bhagavān to Śrī Nandanandana (Kṛṣṇa, the darling son of Nanda Mahārāja). From the perspective of tattva, They are one, yet from the perspective of rasa, or the sweetness of transcendental relationships, Śrī Nandanandana is the most excellent. Brihad-bhagavatamrita contains descriptions of the various categories of devotees of Krishna: close devotees, and devotees of the closest devotees. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in his comments to the Chaitanya-charitamrita (Adi Lila, 5.203) writes that anyone who wants to learn about the devotees and about devotional service to Krishna should read Brihad-bhagavatamrita. Notes References Gaudiya Vaishnavism 16th-century literature Hindu texts

Douglas Jackson (born January 26, 1940) is a Canadian film and television director and producer. As a television director, he is best known for the 1983 CBC Television miniseries Empire, Inc., which he co-directed with Denys Arcand. Jackson began his film career in the 1960s on staff at the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). His NFB credits include producing Bill Mason's short documentary Blake, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. Filmography References External links 1940 births Living people Canadian television directors Film directors from Montreal Anglophone Quebec people National Film Board of Canada people Canadian documentary film producers

Turkey competed at the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, from 19 to 27 August 2023. Results Turkey entered 17 athletes. Men Track and road events Field events Women Track and road events Field events References External links Turkey Results Budapest 23｜World Athletics Championship Nations at the 2023 World Athletics Championships World Championships in Athletics Turkey at the World Athletics Championships

La Película is a 1975 Argentine film. Cast Ernesto Bianco Alejandra Boero Nora Cullen Ricardo Espalter Cacho Espíndola Diana Maggi Héctor Pellegrini Horacio Roca Marilina Ross Hugo Soto Osvaldo Terranova María Valenzuela References External links 1975 films Argentine comedy-drama films 1970s Spanish-language films 1970s Argentine films

Mahmoud Hessabi (or Hessaby, , February 23, 1903 – September 3, 1992) was an Iranian nuclear physicist and senator. He was the minister of education of Pahlavi Iran in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh from 1951 to 1952. Life Hessabi was born in Tehran to the family of Abbas and Goharshad Hessabi. His family's hometown is Tafresh, Markazi province, Iran. His family moved to Beirut in 1907 when his father was appointed consul at the Iranian embassy. There Hessabi attended primary school. He was still in secondary school when World War I started prompting the closure of his school; Hessabi continued his studies at home and in 1922, he earned a degree in road engineering from the American University of Beirut. After briefly working for the Ministry of Roads, Beirut, Hessabi travelled to Paris for further education, he was awarded a degree in electrical engineering at the École Superieure d'Electricité and later a doctorate degree in 1927. In Paris, he worked with Aime Cotton. In Tehran, Hessabi was affiliated with the University of Tehran and organized the science and engineering faculties of the university, he was a teacher of Alenush Terian while she studied at the university. In June 1951, Hessabi was appointed to a three-man provincial board of the Iranian oil company, the designated successor of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. In December, 1951, he replaced Karim Sanjaby as education minister. Between 1961 and 1969, Hessabi was Iran's representative on the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Museum In 1992 his house changed to a museum to for recognition of his life. The Mahmoud Hessabi museum is located Tajrish neighborhood in Tehran. Selected works See also Mahmoud Hessabi museum Physics Society of Iran List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers List of Iranian senators Markazi Province References External links Hessaby Foundation 1903 births 1992 deaths Scientists from Tehran University of Paris alumni American University of Beirut alumni Government ministers of Iran Iranian physicists Members of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature People from Tafresh Members of the Senate of Iran Recipients of the Legion of Honour 20th-century Iranian engineers

The Faculty of Informatics and Information Technology () is one of the faculties of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. The Faculty was created in 2003 by separating from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology. It provides university education in computer science and computer engineering. After three years of study, the students can attain the Bachelor's degree and after two more years the Master of Science degree. The Faculty also offers three-year doctoral study. All of the study programs have Slovak accreditation as well as the international accreditation from Engineering Council of United Kingdom. In Shanghai ranking 2012 Slovak University of Technology has reached 100-150 position in informatics in the world, as the only University in Central Europe evaluated in the first 200. Institutes Institute of Applied Informatics Institute of Informatics and Software Engineering Institute of Computer Systems and Networks Accredited study programs Bachelor's degree study programmes 3 years full-time study Informatics Computer and Communication Systems and Networks master's degree study programmes 2 years full-time study, 3 years full-time study (for students who graduated in a different field) Computer and Communication Systems and Networks (as an orientation in Computer Engineering) Software Engineering Information Systems Doctoral degree study programmes 3 years full-time study, 5 years part-time study Software Systems (as an orientation in Software Engineering) Applied Informatics Research The economical and social development is featured by an exponential growth of new scientific knowledge today. Informatics and Information Technology (IIT) are playing the key role. They boost the development of all scientific branches, with the creation of new methodological base to make research and development. The development time decreases, the traditional theoretical and experimental abilities are extended broadly, and so on. Informatics has developed to be an autonomous scientific area, which supports the success not only in the branch of information technologies, but has wide consequences to the lives of individuals and society. It is not a coincidence only that the research in IIT area has become the one research topic among the priority research topics of European Union. This is indicated by the 5th and 6th European Framework Programme and their priorities including IIT. The importance and consequences of IIT research can be demonstrated by their clear support in USA and Japan. This contributes too to the support of IIT in European Union. The example from European Union (which is the most important example for us) shows the emphasis that the support of IIT research is continual for a long time with perspective to the future (compare the priorities of 4th, 5th and 6th Framework Programme); that the IIT research is extending to various research areas. References Official accreditation statement External links Educational institutions established in 2003 Universities in Slovakia Education in Bratislava Buildings and structures in Bratislava Computer science departments 2003 establishments in Slovakia

Federico Andrés Mancuello (born 26 March 1989) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as central midfielder for Argentine Primera División club Independiente. Mancuello started his career at Independiente and had a brief loan at Belgrano during 2011–12 season. He moved to Flamengo at the beginning of the 2016 season. He also represented Argentina on two occasions scoring one goal. Club career Early years Mancuello made his league debut for Independiente in a 1–2 home defeat by Arsenal de Sarandí on 14 December 2008. He scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 away defeat to Lanús on 5 April 2009. He scored again on 11 April in a 2–1 win over Huracán. Loan to Belgrano After not being considered by Independiente's coach Antonio Mohamed in July 2011 Mancuello was loaned to Club Atlético Belgrano for one year. On 26 October he scored his first and only goal in a 1–0 victory against Tigre. In January 2012 Mancuello suffered an injury in a match of the Copa Argentina which kept him out of the fields for several weeks when he was being a key player of his team. Return to Independiente Flamengo 2016 season On January 6, 2016 Mancuello was signed by Brazilian club Flamengo for a fee of R$12 million. In the first half of the season Mancuello didn't perform as expected due to some injuries, playing all of his 12 matches as a starter and scoring 3 goals. As the 2016 Série A started he lost his status of starter, but established himself as of the most important substitutes of the team. On 6 August 2016 Mancuello scored his first Série A goal in a 1-0 win against Atlético Paranaense in Kléber Andrade Stadium, the game-winner goal was scored in a beautiful back heel flick. On 28 August 2016, against Chapecoense, he substituted Éverton on the 62nd minute and scored his second Série A in the injury time, Flamengo won the match 3-1 at Arena Condá. His third Série A goal was, once again, a game-winner, this time against Cruzeiro in a beautiful placed shot in the 87th minute. In his first season at Flamengo, Mancuello made 36 appearances and scored five goals in all competitions. International career On March 20, 2015 Mancuello was called up by Argentine coach Gerardo Martino for the friendly matches against El Salvador on March 28 and Ecuador on March 31, 2015. He made his debut against El Salvador at Fedex Field, replacing Ángel Di María in the second half and scoring a debut goal from a free kick at the end of the match. In May, he was selected for the preliminary squad for the 2015 Copa América but he wasn't considered for the definitive draft. Career statistics Club career International career Honours Independiente Copa Sudamericana: 2010 Flamengo Campeonato Carioca: 2017 Cruzeiro Copa do Brasil: 2018 Campeonato Mineiro: 2018 References External links Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI 1989 births Living people People from Reconquista, Santa Fe Argentine men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Club Atlético Independiente footballers Argentine Primera División players Argentina men's international footballers Club Atlético Belgrano footballers CR Flamengo footballers Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Argentine expatriate men's footballers Footballers from Santa Fe Province

The House of the Arrow is a 1924 mystery novel by the English novelist A. E. W. Mason, the third full-length novel featuring his recurring character Inspector Hanaud. It has inspired several films of the same title. Plot After the death of Simon Harlowe, a wealthy art collector, his widow has continued to live in Dijon, latterly with her niece Betty and Betty's paid companion Ann Upcott. When Mrs Harlowe herself dies, her English solicitors receive a blackmailing letter from her brother-in-law Boris Waberski. He formally accuses Betty of poisoning Mrs Harlowe, and junior partner Jim Frobisher is dispatched to Dijon to provide legal advice. Waberski claims that Betty had bought poison from a shady herbalist, Jean Cladel, but is unable to make good his murder accusation. Mrs Harlowe's body shows no trace of poison, and it appears that she may have died of natural causes. But Inspector Hanaud is suspicious when on searching the house he finds in Ann's room a monograph describing Strophanthus Hispidus, a plant from which an undetectable arrow poison can be extracted. The book includes a plate of an actual arrow smeared with poison and an author's note thanking Simon Harlowe for lending it for research purposes. Although the house contains many treasures collected by Simon Harlowe, there is no sign of the arrow. Hanaud believes it to be in a suite of rooms that has been sealed by the police – Mrs Harlowe's downstairs bedroom and an interconnected "treasure room" used as Betty's sitting room. Betty says that on the night of Mrs Harlowe's death Waberski had been away for a few days. She had seen Mrs Harlowe shortly before leaving the house at 8:55pm to go to a dance, returning at exactly 1:20am (the time being noted by the chauffeur) and going straight to bed. She was woken by her maid Francine Rollard at 7:00 and told of the death. Ann says that she had fallen asleep in her chair, and had woken up after dark. Needing to check an address for a letter, she had gone downstairs to Betty's sitting room. Entering, she had flicked the light on and then quickly off again when she saw to her surprise that the interconnecting door leading to the bedroom, which was always locked, stood open. Through it she could hear voices and sounds that she interpreted as someone trying to sedate an intoxicated Mrs Harlowe. During the split-second that the light was on, she noted the clock on the opposite wall: it showed 10:30. Not wanting to intrude, she returned to her own room. When the door seals are removed, Hanault is able to search the treasure room and bedroom. The clock is found to be accurate to the minute, but the arrow is not there. Jim stumbles across it later in Ann's room, converted to a pen. Following up Waberski's story, Hanaud and Jim track the herbalist Jean Cladel down to a seedy part of town. But they are just too late: he has been stabbed to death. When Ann receives an anonymous letter bidding her attend a ball where she will learn the truth about Mrs Harlowe's death, Betty encourages her to go. Ann is kidnapped, bound, and taken to an empty house nearby where she is confronted with the murderers: Betty and her maid Francine. As Betty approaches Ann with a hypodermic syringe of arrow poison, Hanaud steps out from his hiding place. He had suspected Betty for some time, he later tells Jim, but unable to prove her guilt had allowed the kidnapping to go ahead to secure hard evidence. The key to the mystery had been Hanaud's realisation that Betty continued to have access to the treasure room, in spite of the sealed doors, via a secret passage running from an old sedan chair in the room to the nearby empty house. The murder, which had indeed been heard by Ann, took place after Betty's return, at 1:30am. The clock which had apparently read 10:30 was showing the correct time, but had been seen in a mirror. Betty took advantage of the mistake, and before the room was unsealed she moved the clock so that it stood in direct line of sight opposite the door. The arrow had been in the room, but after Hanaud had drawn attention to the monograph Betty had re-hidden it to implicate Ann. Principal characters Mrs Harlowe (née Jeanne-Marie Raviart), a wealthy widow Betty Harlowe, Mrs Harlowe's niece Boris Waberski, Mrs Harlowe's brother-in-law Ann Upcott, companion to Betty Harlowe Francine Rollard, maid to Betty Harlowe Jean Cladel, a herbalist Monsieur Bex, local notary to Mrs Harlowe and Betty Jim Frobisher, English solicitor to Mrs Harlowe and Betty Inspector Hanaud of the Paris Sûreté Background According to the author himself, the book was inspired by the case of a Russian man who had accused his young niece of murdering her mother, and had attempted blackmail. Mason had said to himself: "Suppose that after all the accusation was true, but the blackmailing uncle [...] didn't know that it was true!" Mason had learned of the properties of Strophanthus Hispidus from W. E. Dixon, a professor of medicine with whom he had served as a Secret Service agent in the Mediterranean in 1915. On seeking further information he received the treatise on the poison with its diagrams, "and with it the poison-arrow with the reddish clay in which the poison is mixed still clinging to the barb." One of Mason's difficulties in framing the story had resolved itself as he was sitting outside smoking a pipe one night after working late. Looking back into the house through the french windows he saw that the hands of the clock pointed to half-past ten, which was quite wrong. He then realised that the clock was invisible from where he sat, and that he was looking into a mirror. Critical reception Writing in 1952, Mason's biographer Roger Lancelyn Green praised the book as "a detective novel perfect in every detail", in which Hanaud emerged "ready to take his place among the great detectives". In A Catalogue of Crime (1989) Barzun and Taylor called the novel a "milepost in detective fiction". They praised the book for its romance, melodrama, good characterisation and humour, but suggested that these things could not compensate for Hanaud's failure to play fair with his Watson [Frobisher]. Adaptations At the request of the theatre manager and actor Arthur Bouchier the novel was adapted for the stage in 1926 by Mason himself. It has also been adapted for the screen four times: La Maison de la Fléche (France) (1930) The House of the Arrow (UK) (1930) The House of the Arrow (UK) (1940) The House of the Arrow (UK) (1953) References Bibliography External links Text of The House of the Arrow at Gutenberg Australia 1924 British novels British mystery novels British detective novels Novels by A. E. W. Mason British novels adapted into films Novels set in France Hodder & Stoughton books

Bonata may refer to: Bonata septata, an extinct genus of Ediacaran organism 49987 Bonata, a minor planet Diego Bonata, 2003 IDSA Galilleo Award winner and president of CieloBuio Serafino Bonata, Italian skyrunner who competed at the 2010 Skyrunning World Championships See also Bonita (disambiguation) Boneta, Utah

Bañugues is one of thirteen parishes (administrative divisions) in the Gozón municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain, near "Peñas" cape. The population is 647 (INE 2007). Villages and hamlets Cerín La Ribera El Monte El Pueblo (El Llugar) La Quintana La Playa La Espina References Parishes in Gozón

In the canon law of the Catholic Church, a mission (, pl. ), also known as an independent mission, can be defined as: "an ecclesial structure erected from a previous territory, with explicit boundaries, under the care of a religious community or other diocese, responding to a missionary exigency and headed by a superior nominated by the Holy See, under the aegis of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples." It is generally applied to an area with very few Catholics, or in areas where Christianity (in particular Roman Catholicism) is either outlawed or undergoing persecution, often desolate or remote, and ranks below an apostolic prefecture and an apostolic vicariate. The clerical head is styled Ecclesiastical Superior and can be a regular cleric, titular or diocesan bishop, archbishop or even a cardinal, but if of episcopal rank often resides elsewhere (notably, in another diocese or the Vatican) in chief of his primary office there. It can either be exempt (i.e. directly subject to the Holy See, like apostolic prefectures and apostolic vicariates), or suffragan of a Metropolitan Archbishop, hence part of his ecclesiastical province. Current missions sui iuris As of March 2017, the only remaining cases — all of the Latin Church — were: In Asia : Afghanistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan In the Atlantic Ocean : Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha, vested in the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands In the Caribbean : Cayman Islands, in the ecclesiastical province of the Archbishop of Kingston in Jamaica (pastoral responsibility of the Archdiocese of Detroit) Turks and Caicos, in the ecclesiastical province of the Archbishop of Nassau (pastoral responsibility of the Archdiocese of Newark) In Oceania : Funafuti, in Tuvalu, in the ecclesiastical province of the Archbishop of Suva Tokelau, in the ecclesiastical province of the Archbishop of Samoa-Apia Those for which no province is named are exempt, i.e. directly under the Holy See. Former missions sui iuris by continent and (present/colonial) country In Europe Mission sui iuris of Batavia alias Holland - or Dutch mission (Netherlands) Mission sui iuris of Central Norway (now Territorial Prelature of Trondheim) Mission sui iuris of Northern Norway (now Territorial Prelature of Tromsø) Mission sui iuris of Norway (now diocese of Oslo) In Asia Mission sui iuris of Baku (Azerbaijan; promoted Apostolic Prefecture) Mission sui iuris of Coromandel Coast (India; now Metropolitan Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore) Mission sui iuris of Gazireh (Turkey; suppressed) Mission sui iuris of Hindustan (India; repeated promotions; now Metropolitan Archdiocese of Agra) Mission sui iuris of I-li (imperial China; suppressed) Mission sui iuris of Karafuto (Japan; promoted Apostolic Prefecture, became Soviet/Russian, renamed Yuzhno Sakhalinsk) Mission sui iuris of Kyrgyzstan (nation; promoted Apostolic Administration) Mission sui iuris of Miyazaki (Japan; promoted Apostolic Prefecture, now diocese of Oita) Mission sui iuris of Mossul (Kurdistan, notably northern present Iraq; suppressed) Mission sui iuris of Nepal (nation; promoted Apostolic Vicariate) Mission sui iuris of Outer Mongolia (Mongolia; renamed Mission sui juris of Urga) Mission sui iuris of Qiqihar, alias Tsitiskar (China; promoted Apostolic Prefecture) Mission sui iuris of Rajaburi (Thailand; now diocese Ratchaburi) Mission sui iuris of Rajputana (India; promoted Apostolic Vicariate, now Diocese of Ajmer) Mission sui iuris of Shiqian = Shihtsien (China; promoted Apostolic Prefecture) Mission sui iuris of Sikkim (Indian state and Bhutan; promoted twice, now Diocese of Darjeeling) Mission sui iuris of Syria and Cilicia? (partially in present Iraq; temporarily promoted Apostolic Prefecture, demoted back, suppressed) Mission sui iuris of Trabzon (Asian Turkey; promoted Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia) Mission sui iuris of Uzbekistan (nation; promoted Apostolic Administration) Mission sui iuris of Urga = Ulanbator (imperial China China; promoted Apostolic Prefecture of Ulaanbaatar, for (Outer) Mongolia) Mission sui iuris of Xinjiang-Urumqi (China; promoted Apostolic Prefecture) Mission sui iuris of Yixian (China; promoted Apostolic Prefecture) In America Mission sui iuris of San Andrés y Providencia (Colombia; promoted Apostolic Vicariate) Mission sui iuris of Valparaíso (Chile; promoted Diocese) Mission sui iuris of Valdivia (Chile; promoted Diocese) In Oceania Mission sui iuris of Drisdale River (Australia, renamed Kalumburu; suppressed) Mission sui iuris of Eastern Carolines (Federated States of Micronesia) Mission sui iuris of Kalumburu (Australia; suppressed) Mission sui iuris of the Marshall Islands (suppressed; later revived as Apostolic Prefecture) Mission sui iuris of Western Carolines (idem & Palau) In Africa Mission sui iuris of Belgian Congo (or Congo Belge''; (then Belgian) Congo) Mission sui iuris of Bikoro ((then Belgian) Congo) Mission sui iuris of Cunene (Angola) Mission sui iuris of Kenya (Kenya; various promotions, now Archdiocese of Nyeri) Mission sui iuris of Kwango ((then Belgian) Congo) Mission sui iuris of Lunda (Angola) Mission sui iuris of Lwangwa (Zambia) Mission sui iuris of Miarinarivo (Madagascar, now a diocese) Mission sui iuris of Tukuyu (Tanzania, now Diocese of Mbeya) Mission sui iuris of Upper Kassai ((then Belgian) Congo) Mission sui iuris of Zambesia (Zimbabwe, then Southern Rhodesia) See also List of Catholic dioceses (structured view) List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) List of Catholic archdioceses List of Catholic Military Ordinariates List of Catholic Apostolic Administrations List of Catholic Apostolic Vicariates List of Catholic Apostolic Prefectures Lists of Eastern Catholic exarchate types List of Roman Catholic Territorial Prelatures References Sources and external links GCatholic.org - List of current Missions sui iuris (consulted September 2015)

Santa Catarina Tayata is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of km². It is part of the Tlaxiaco District in the south of the Mixteca Region. As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of . References Municipalities of Oaxaca

Glessie Mitchell "Tiny" Ladson (October 2, 1896 - April 16, 1934) was a professional American football guard in the National Football League (NFL). He played with the Evansville Crimson Giants in 1922. External links Pro-Football reference 1896 births 1934 deaths Players of American football from Indiana Evansville Crimson Giants players

The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the four-power occupation and recognized Austria as an independent and sovereign state. In October 1955, the Federal Assembly passed a constitutional law in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality. In recent years, however, Austria has begun to reassess its definition of neutrality, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against Iraq in 1991, and, since 1995, contemplating participation in the EU's evolving security structure. Also in 1995, it joined the Partnership for Peace, and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Discussion of possible Austrian NATO membership intensified during 1996. ÖVP and Team Stronach aim at moving closer to NATO or a European defense arrangement. SPÖ and FPÖ, in turn, believe continued neutrality is the cornerstone of Austria's foreign policy, and a majority of the population generally supports this stance. In February 2000, Austria's foreign relations underwent controversy when the ÖVP formed a coalition with the FPÖ after the 1999 election. European governments imposed diplomatic sanctions, and the United States recalled its ambassador. Sanctions were lifted in September 2000 after a three-member panel assessed human rights and political life in Austria. In November 2000, the United States and Austria normalized their relations. Austrian leaders emphasize the unique role the country plays as an East-West hub and as a moderator between industrialized and developing countries. Austria is active in the United Nations and experienced in UN peacekeeping efforts. It attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organizations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Vienna hosts the Secretariat of the OSCE and the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, and the United Nations Drug Control Programme. Other international organizations based in Vienna include the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the Organization for International Economic Relations (OiER) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Recently, Vienna added the preparatory commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization and the Wassenaar Arrangement (a technology-transfer control agency) to the list of international organizations it hosts. Furthermore, the Permanent Secretariat of an international territorial treaty for the sustainable development of the Alps called the Alpine Convention is located in Tyrol's capital Innsbruck. Austria traditionally has been active in "bridge-building to the east," increasing contacts at all levels with Eastern Europe and the states of the former Soviet Union. Austrians maintain a constant exchange of business representatives, investment, trade, political leaders, students, cultural groups, and tourists with the countries of central and eastern Europe. In addition, the Austrian Government and various Austrian organizations provide assistance and training to support the changes underway in the region. Bilateral relations Austria maintains significant bilateral relations with several countries. Multilateral Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania See also List of diplomatic missions in Austria List of diplomatic missions of Austria Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs (Austria) Visa requirements for Austrian citizens References Further reading Horn, David Bayne. Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century (1967) covers 1603-1702; pp 111-43. External links International − Austrian magazine on foreign policy

Eslamabad (, also Romanized as Eslāmābād) is a village in Roshtkhar Rural District, in the Central District of Roshtkhar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 216, in 51 families. References Populated places in Roshtkhar County

Colette Bourgonje (ber-gon-yah) (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian Paralympic cross-country skier and athlete of Métis heritage. She has won four bronze medals in Summer Paralympics and medals in Winter Paralympics for skiing. Bourgonje's silver medal in the 10 km sit-ski at the 2010 Winter Paralympics was Canada's first at home. She is a part-time physical education substitute teacher, and currently resides in Prince Albert. To honour Colette, an elementary school and a street have been named after her in Saskatoon. In 1997, a sign was placed Porcupine Plain, promoting it as Bourgonje's and distinguishing her as a successful Paralympian. She became an inductee in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2019, and a 2021 inductee in the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame. Early life Bourgonje is a Dutch last name, but her Indigenous background on her mother's side leads back to a leader named Gabriel Dumont, who set up a Métis government at Batoche in the Northwest Territories. Her father was an electrician and had a business but was not able to keep it due to his alcoholism. Bourgonje's mother Sheila and grandmother comforted the children through the difficult times. He left the family in 1984 during Colette's undergraduate degree. Bourgonje participated in many sports as a child and young teenager, and was successful in hockey, football and various track and field events. Accident Bourgonje was left paralyzed after a car accident in 1980, two months away from graduating high school. She had been a cross country runner, with many athletic scholarship offers to many universities. Her brother needed to be dropped off in Hudson Bay, so Colette and her boyfriend at the time took him in her brother's new car. On the way back, she let her boyfriend drive, and he lost control on the slippery road, and Colette was ejected from the car. To get Colette to the hospital in Saskatoon in time, 40-50 vehicles in Porcupine Plain shone their headlights on the plane strip landing so the air ambulance could land. The accident punctured her lungs, broke her sternum and back. 98% of her spine was severed and two Harrington rods were placed in her back to maintain the curvature of her back. Bourgonje admitted her immobilization to her uncle Don, who was instructed by Colette to tell everyone else. Barbara Dorsey, a professor at the College of Physical Education at the University of Saskatchewan visited Bourgonje in the hospital and encouraged her to continue considering attending, regardless of the accident. She agreed that as long as Colette was able to finish twelfth grade, the university would accept her. She was introduced to Para Sport by the Saskatchewan Wheelchair Sports Association (SWSA) shortly after the accident because she had previously been a cross country runner. She spent the summer of 1980 rehabilitating and wrote an advert in the local paper, thanking her community for their continuous support. Sports career Bourgonje was initially introduced to Para Sport by Saskatchewan Wheelchair Sports Association (SWSA) shortly after her accident, and joined the association in 1987. She had to train herself at first, as very few coaches knew how to train athletes with disabilities. She used her knowledge from school and her training prior to her accident to train, and was cautious to not overwork herself. Bourgonje is one of few Canadians to receive medals in both the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. She has competed in six winter Paralympic Games in sit skiing and three summer Paralympic Games as a wheelchair racer. She gave one of her silver medals from the 1998 Games to Pat Prokopchuk, as she brought and initiated the remodelling of the sit ski in Saskatchewan. When her age was questioned after participating in the Olympics in Vancouver in 2010, and receiving the first medal on Canadian turf, she responded with "age is nothing, attitude is everything and I live by that today". Bourgonje was also a part of the Team Visa Inc. Program in 2010, which supports 30 individual athletes globally to prepare for the Olympics and Paralympics. They do this by providing valuable marketing, long term financial support and mentorship. Sit Skiing SASKI-Skiing for Disabled began in the early 1990s, with skiing for the blind and were looking for other disabled persons to become physically active. Her friend and president of SASKI, Pat Prokopchuk and others created Colette's first sit ski in 1993. It was remodelled from one from Denmark, which was weak and broke after short use. The Saskatchewan Abilities Council was able to mould the sit ski to Colette's body, while making the model out of fibreglass and clamping the skis to the chair. After the 1994 World Cup Championships, the German team shared their sit ski prototype which Colette liked, with the bucket attached to the skis. In 2002, the Memorial University of Newfoundland made Colette a special sit ski which was much lighter but more difficult to balance. She later traded hand control model equipment for cars with the Russian team for their sit ski, which was made of titanium. Teaching career She was the first to graduate from the University of Saskatchewan's Physical Education program in a wheelchair, as well as the first woman to graduate from this program in Canada. The program made accommodations for her, including a $200,000 ramp. She stayed with two professors, Dorsey and Lawson during her degree. Her first job out of her university education was as an after school recreational coordinator in Saskatoon. She began teaching physical education part-time to continue training from 1989 to 2010, with her first position in Silverwood Heights, Saskatoon. With her physical disability, she finds ways to overcome teaching obstacles, by using student demonstrators and having the children safely set up simple equipment. Her main focus is in physical activity, and would devote an allotted time daily for activities, even teaching them to cross country ski. Community Involvement Bourgonje is an advocate for physical activity and sport participation, and does this by hosting various events, coaching cross country skiers with disabilities and working with the In Motion program in Saskatchewan, which works to help people increase their physical activity levels. The "Inaugural Saskatchewan Para Sport Tour Dream Relay" was thought of when Bourgonje saw a need for raising awareness for Para Sport activities for Saskatchewan citizens. The relay was held in June 2016, touring Saskatchewan and it included 14 Parathletes in a 10 day, 363 kilometre course. Another reason for the establishment for the relay was to find those with disabilities looking to be physically active, and to connect them with volunteer equipment if that was a barrier for them. Bourgonje spoke at the 11th annual "Training for Life Power Breakfast" in 2016, which is an event that raises money for the Special Olympics of Saskatchewan and Prince Albert Raiders Education Fund. Along with her friend and president, Pat Prokopchuk, Colette is part of SASKI-Skiing for Disabled, which gives funds to those who are struggling in the sit ski community. The organization helps with costs of equipment, travelling, memberships and the loaning of sit skis to facilities which have sit skiing members. She often speaks encouraging messages at hospitals and rehabilitation centres for people recently immobilized. Her talks inspires others to face their new reality and to move forward. Mentoring Bourgonje places great emphasis on coaching and often looks for future Paralympians. She mentors many successful athletes and understands the dynamics between those she coaches and herself. One of the mentees she oversees is Brittany Hudak, who is missing part of her left arm and the two met in a Canadian Tire. Bourgonje trained her to ski and she went on to win three gold medals at the 2015 Jeux du Canada Hames in Prince George, British Columbia. Her gold medal events were the 1.2 kilometre standing classic sprint, 2.5 kilometre classic sprint and the 5 kilometre standing free event. Awards and honours In 1996, received the Breakthrough Award presented by the Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical Activity (CAAWS). In 1998, inducted into the Saskatoon Sports Hall of Fame. In 1999, received one of the YWCA Women of Distinction awards In 2002, the Canadian Paraplegic Association (CPA) awarded her the Female Athlete of Year award. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, she was presented with the Whang Youn Dai Achievement Award, which is awarded to one male and female athlete with a disability, for overcoming adversities. In 2010, Bourgonje was inducted into the Canadian Disability Hall of Fame. The 2011 SaskSport Athlete of the Year. In 2019, she became an inductee in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. In 2021, Bourgonje became an inductee in Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame. References Paralympic silver medalists for Canada Paralympic bronze medalists for Canada 1962 births Living people Paralympic cross-country skiers for Canada Canadian female cross-country skiers Métis sportspeople Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Paralympics Medalists at the 2006 Winter Paralympics Medalists at the 2010 Winter Paralympics Medalists at the 1998 Winter Paralympics Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Paralympics Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Paralympics Canadian Disability Hall of Fame Paralympic medalists in cross-country skiing

This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1963. Events Debuts 11 October – Stiefbeen en Zoon Television shows 1950s NOS Journaal (1956–present) Pipo de Clown (1958-1980) Ending this year Births 23 April - Rolf Wouters, TV presenter 12 May - Manon Thomas, TV presenter 16 May - Bas Westerweel, TV presenter 18 September - Frits Sissing, TV presenter Deaths

KGB: The Secret War is a 1985 American film directed by Dwight H. Little. Plot A spy thriller about a KGB agent operating inside the U.S. who wants to defect. The agent steals top secret computer microchips as barter material to switch sides and is hunted by a U.S. agent. Cast Michael Billington as Peter Hubbard Denise DuBarry as Adèle Martin Michael Ansara as Lyman Taylor Walter Gotell as Nicholai Sally Kellerman as Fran Simpson Christopher Cary as Alex Stafanac Philip Levien as Ryder Julian Barnes as Hya Koslov Paul Linke as Frank Richard Pachorek as Martine Gerrod Miskovsky as Theodor Kim Joseph as Shirley Marks External links 1985 films 1985 drama films American drama films American spy films Films directed by Dwight H. Little Cold War spy films 1985 directorial debut films Films about the KGB 1980s English-language films 1980s American films

Congo is a 342,000-square-kilometer country in Equatorial Africa. Its population is just over 7 million inhabitants, of which 47% is less than 15 years old. Life expectancy is 55.8 years old for men and 58.9 years for women, and 33% of the population lives in rural areas. 12.6% of the Congolese budget is spent on education; 40% on primary education, 31% on secondary level, and 27% on tertiary level. Only 1% goes to pre-primary education. Education in Congo takes 12 years. According to the 2005 UNDP report, 66.8% of Congolese are literate. Primary level Primary level education in the Republic of the Congo takes six years. The average age at which children arrive at school is 5½ years. Primary school consists of six grades; two preparatory, two elementary, and two medium classes. At the end of the second medium class, the young learner is required to do the Secondary School Entry Test, on which his entry to secondary level is hinged. Secondary school Secondary school takes seven years. It consists of two parts, the first one being "college", and the second "lycée". In the republic of the Congo, a French-speaking country, the term "college" refers to the first four grades of the Secondary School, including Grades 7, 8, 9 and 10. The term "lycée" (or lycee) on the other hand refers to the three subsequent grades of Secondary Level, including Grades 11, 12 and 13. There are three kinds of lycées in the country: Agricultural, Technical and General Lycées. The Agricultural Lycée welcomes students interested in agriculture. At Technical Lycée, students are provided with skills on technological field, including mechanics, engineering and architecture, among others. All other students go to the General Lycée. Both Agricultural and Technical Lycées welcome students through a special test, whereas the general lycée is open to all who succeed at the GCSE examination, which occurs at the end of Grade 10. The General Lycée Upon entering General Lycée, students are asked to choose in Grade 10 which division they want to enter in. In fact, General Lycée consists of two sections with three grades each. Those interested in sciences go to the S division, whereas others go to LE division. Students in Grade 11LE interested in economics, go to Subdivision B (for Business), while those interested in languages go to Subdivision A2. Those interested in human sciences enter sub-division A3. Other students go to subdivision A1. Meanwhile, those in Grade 11S which are interested in biological and/or earth sciences, go to Subdivision D, others interested in physics and mathematics go to Subdivision C. At Grade 13, every student is required to do the Senior School Higher Certificate Examination, no matter which lycée they are studying in. Literacy rate The literacy rate in the Republic of the Congo is 82.8 percent. This is defined as people over the age of 15 that possess the skills to read and write. List of Senior School Higher Certificates issued in The Republic of Congo Tertiary Level Most Congolese attend Marien Ngouabi University, once they have their Higher Certificate, although it is not the only option. List of Higher Education Institutions in Congo-Brazzaville Marien Ngouabi University Christian Polytechnic and Professional Institute of Arts Institute of Business and Economical Development Mondongo Higher Institute of Agricultural Sciences Medical Education in the Republic of Congo Future physicians and medicine-related officers learn at the faculty of medicine of Marien Ngouabi University. To enter that faculty, they are required to pass a test, in addition to passing the Higher Certificate Exam. Most attendees of the faculty have a C or D Higher Certificate. Education on Medicine takes seven years, during which there is no intermediate degree. It consists of three levels; in the first three years, students are taught on general aspects, including anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology etc. The next level deals with theoretical medicine and pharmacy. The last level is on training in hospitals. References Chem.ru.ac.za: Higher Education Institutions in Africa cia.gov: Central Intelligence Agency Fact Book Congo-site.net: Information from the Congolese Government United Nations Development Program Report (2005)

Cape Ellsworth () is a sheer rock bluff high forming the north end of Young Island in the Balleny Islands. It was named by personnel of the Discovery II in 1936 for American explorer Lincoln Ellsworth. The vessel, after picking up Ellsworth at Little America on the Ross Ice Shelf, made a running survey around the northern end of the Balleny Islands on the way back to Australia. References Headlands of the Balleny Islands

Hooman Majd (born 1957) is an Iranian-born American journalist, author, and political commentator who writes on Iranian affairs. He is based in New York City, and regularly travels to Iran. Early life Hooman Majd was born in 1957 in Tehran, Iran. He was raised in a family involved in the diplomatic service, serving under the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Majd lived from infancy abroad, mostly in the United States and in England, but attending American schools in varied places, such as Tunis and New Delhi. He boarded at St Paul's School, London, until 1974. Followed by attendance to George Washington University (GWU) for electrical engineering in Washington, D.C., and graduated in 1977. He studied operations research at GWU for two more years but did not complete. He stayed in the United States after the 1979 revolution. Extended family Majd's maternal grandfather was the Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Assar (1885–1975), who was born to an Iraqi mother and an Iranian father. The Ayatollah, along with other contemporary ulema, overcame traditional opposition to serve as a professor of philosophy at the University of Tehran. His own father, whose origins were in the village of Ardakan, Iran, became representative of a "middle class" that was "pro-democratic and pro-modernization". Madj aunt is musician Shusha Guppy, and his cousin is convicted fraudster Darius Guppy. Career He has published three non-fiction books in the United States and in the United Kingdom, which have been translated into a number of other languages, including The Ayatollah Begs to Differ: The Paradox of Modern Iran (New York: Doubleday, 2008); The Ayatollahs' Democracy: An Iranian Challenge (New York: W.W. Norton, 2010); and The Ministry of Guidance Invites You to Not Stay: An American Family in Iran (New York: Doubleday, 2013). He has also published short fiction in collections and in The American Scholar and Guernica. Majd has also served as an advisor and translator for President Mohammad Khatami, and translator for President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on their trips to the United States and to the United Nations, and he has written about those experiences. Political views Roland Elliott Brown writes in the British newspaper The Observer that "Majd's mild reformist agenda requires him to fight on two fronts" and that he has "honed his polemical skills by defending the nascent Islamic Republic to Iranian emigres at Speakers' Corner in London." adding that, in his opinion, Majd is "a sometimes sympathetic communicator of the regime's positions, and an enthusiast only for its most loyal oppositionists". Reviewing Majd's book The Ayatollahs' Democracy, Brown observes that Majd regards the administration as "increasingly fascistic": "flawed, capricious, but also popular, and a bulwark of sovereignty". According to Newsweek, "Majd's Iran is a land where ayatollahs criticize each other and young people flout rules about wearing chadors. It's a land where Majd—who makes no secret of his admiration for the reformist President Mohammad Khatami—could go on to serve as the official translator for Khatami's successor and archrival, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, when the latter visited New York in September. But Majd is no Iran apologist: he ridicules Ahmadinejad's officials for their Holocaust deniers' conference in 2006. Majd's subtle central point is that "the lack of meaningful relations between Iran and the United States … has brought little advantage to either nation." Following the 2009 election in Iran, which he "concedes [...] fielded only regime-vetted candidates and was stolen". Twitter controversies In July 2012 a tweet from Majd's Twitter account was made about Iranian-born Nazanin Afshin-Jam, a human rights advocate and the wife of Canadian Defence Minister Peter MacKay. The tweet read: "Fucking a Canadian minister doesn’t make you Canadian, azizam. Come back to papa …" Majd has denied making it, and in a later public tweet directed at Afshin-Jam Majd said his account had been hacked: "@NazaninAJ A recent series of tweets were made in my name as a result of a hack. Not my words, and tweets have been removed." Before the tweet Afshin-Jam had been calling on the Canadian government and the Canadian Assembly of First Nations to cut diplomatic ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran. Afshin-Jam described the matter as serious but added that "unless I can verify exactly who sent it, I can't really comment." In October 2013, Majd referred to Iranian-American writer Sohrab Ahmari, a Wall Street Journal (WSJ) assistant books editor as "WSJ's (Iranian) 'House Negro'" in a post on Twitter. Majd acknowledged the statement was an insult, but said he stood by it. Publications References External links 1957 births Living people Iranian emigrants to the United States People educated at St Paul's School, London George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Journalists from New York City

The Jadar (, ) is a river in western Serbia, 75 km long right tributary of the Drina river. The Jadar also gives the name to the Jadar region of western Serbia. Also, the mineral Jadarite is named after the river. River The Jadar originates from the southern slopes of the Vlašić mountain, northeast of the town of Valjevo, in the northeastern tip of the Podgorina region. Several streams flow south and join near the village of Osladić. Soon, at the village of Dragijevica, the Jadar turns sharply to the northwest, a general direction the river will follow until it meets the Drina. The first larger settlement on the river is the regional center of Osečina after which the Jadar receives the Pecka river (Cyrillic: Пецка) from the left. After the villages of Komirić, Ravnaja and Mojković, the river receives another important left tributary, the Likodra river, near the village and former mine of Zavlaka. The Jadar continues next to the villages of Brezovice, Radinac [where it receives another left tributary, the Rakovica River (Cyrillic: Раковица), Brnjaci, Draginac, Bradić, Lipnica, Gornji Dobrić and Kozjak, before it empties into the Drina, near the Straža village, just south of the town of Janja in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Jadar belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin, drains an area of 894 km2 and it is not navigable. The river is notorious for its floods which happen almost on annual basis. The section of the upper course (some 10 km) has been regulated in 1988, but the remaining 20 km until the Jadar's mouth into the Drina still hasn't. Only in 2005 the river spilled over 12 times (see 2005 European floods). The proposed project would also straighten the Jadar's mouth and make it 5 km shorter. See also Jadar (Serbia), a region in the river valley References Sources Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition (1985); Prosveta; Jovan Đ. Marković (1990): Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije; Svjetlost-Sarajevo; Rivers of Serbia

The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), also known as the fire ant or RIFA, is a species of ant native to South America. A member of the genus Solenopsis in the subfamily Myrmicinae, it was described by Swiss entomologist Felix Santschi as a variant of S. saevissima in 1916. Its current specific name invicta was given to the ant in 1972 as a separate species. However, the variant and species were the same ant, and the name was preserved due to its wide use. Though South American in origin, the red imported fire ant has been accidentally introduced in Australia, New Zealand, several Asian and Caribbean countries, Europe and the United States. The red imported fire ant is polymorphic, as workers appear in different shapes and sizes. The ant's colours are red and somewhat yellowish with a brown or black gaster, but males are completely black. Red imported fire ants are dominant in altered areas and live in a wide variety of habitats. They can be found in rainforests, disturbed areas, deserts, grasslands, alongside roads and buildings, and in electrical equipment. Colonies form large mounds constructed from soil with no visible entrances because foraging tunnels are built and workers emerge far away from the nest. These ants exhibit a wide variety of behaviours, such as building rafts when they sense that water levels are rising. They also show necrophoric behaviour, where nestmates discard scraps or dead ants on refuse piles outside the nest. Foraging takes place on warm or hot days, although they may remain outside at night. Workers communicate by a series of semiochemicals and pheromones, which are used for recruitment, foraging, and defence. They are omnivores and eat dead mammals, arthropods, insects, seeds, and sweet substances such as honeydew from hemipteran insects with which they have developed relationships. Predators include arachnids, birds, and many insects including other ants, dragonflies, earwigs, and beetles. The ant is a host to parasites and to a number of pathogens, nematodes, and viruses, which have been viewed as potential biological control agents. Nuptial flight occurs during the warm seasons, and the alates may mate for as long as 30 minutes. Colony founding can be done by a single queen or a group of queens, which later contest for dominance once the first workers emerge. Workers can live for several months, while queens can live for years; colony numbers can vary from 100,000 to 250,000 individuals. Two forms of society in the red imported fire ant exist: polygynous colonies (nests with multiple queens) and monogynous colonies (nests with one queen). Venom plays an important role in the ant's life, as it is used to capture prey or for defence. About 95% of the venom consists of water-insoluble piperidine alkaloids known as solenopsins, with the rest comprising a mixture of toxic proteins that can be particularly potent in sensitive humans; the name fire ant is derived from the burning sensation caused by their bite. More than 14 million people are stung by them in the United States annually, where many are expected to develop allergies to the venom. Most victims experience intense burning and swelling, followed by the formation of sterile pustules, which may remain for several days. However 0.6% to 6.0% of people may suffer from anaphylaxis, which can be fatal if left untreated. Common symptoms include dizziness, chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, low blood pressure, loss of breath, and slurred speech. More than 80 deaths have been recorded from red imported fire ant attacks. Treatment depends on the symptoms; those who only experience pain and pustule formation require no medical attention, but those who suffer from anaphylaxis are given epinephrines. Whole body extract immunotherapy is used to treat victims and is regarded as highly effective. The ant is viewed as a notorious pest, causing billions of dollars in damage annually and impacting wildlife. The ants thrive in urban areas, so their presence may deter outdoor activities. Nests can be built under structures such as pavements and foundations, which may cause structural problems, or cause them to collapse. Not only can they damage or destroy structures, but red imported fire ants also can damage equipment and infrastructure and impact business, land, and property values. In agriculture, they can damage crops and machinery, and threaten pastures. They are known to invade a wide variety of crops, and mounds built on farmland may prevent harvesting. They also pose a threat to animals and livestock, capable of inflicting serious injury or killing them, especially young, weak, or sick animals. Despite this, they may be beneficial because they consume common pest insects on crops. Common methods of controlling these ants include baiting and fumigation; other methods may be ineffective or dangerous. Due to its notoriety and importance, the ant has become one of the most studied insects on the planet, even rivalling the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). Etymology and common names The specific epithet of the red imported fire ant, invicta, derives from Latin, and means "invincible" or "unconquered". The epithet originates from the phrase Roma invicta ("unconquered Rome"), used as an inspirational quote until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. The generic name, Solenopsis, translates as "appearance" or "face" from Ancient Greek. It is a compound of two Ancient Greek words–solen, meaning "pipe" or "channel", and opsis, meaning "appearance" or "sight". The ant is commonly known as the "red imported fire ant" (abbreviated as RIFA). The "fire ant" part is because of the burning sensation caused by its sting. Alternative names include: the "fire ant", "red ant" or "tramp ant". In Brazil, locals call the ant toicinhera, which derives from the Portuguese word toicinho (pork fat). Taxonomy The red imported fire ant was first described by Swiss entomologist Felix Santschi in a 1916 journal article published by Physis. Originally named Solenopsis saevissima wagneri from a syntype worker collected from Santiago del Estero, Argentina, Santschi believed the ant was a variant of S. saevissima; the specific epithet, wagneri, derives from the surname of E.R. Wagner, who collected the first specimens. The type material is currently housed in Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland, but additional type workers are possibly housed in the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris. In 1930, American myrmecologist William Creighton reviewed the genus Solenopsis and reclassified the taxon as Solenopsis saevissima electra wagneri at infrasubspecific rank, noting that he could not collect any workers that referred to Santschi's original description. In 1952, the S. saevissima species complex was examined and, together with nine other species-group names, S. saevissima electra wagneri was synonymised with S. saevissima saevissima. This reclassification was accepted by Australian entomologist George Ettershank in his revision of the genus and in Walter Kempf's 1972 catalogue of Neotropical ants. In 1972, American entomologist William Buren described what he thought was a new species, naming it Solenopsis invicta. Buren collected a holotype worker from Cuiabá in Mato Grosso, Brazil, and provided the first official description of the ant in a journal article published by the Georgia Entomological Society. He accidentally misspelled invicta as above the description pages of the species, although it was clear that invicta was the intended spelling because of the constant use of the name in the article. The type material is currently housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. In a 1991 review of the species complex, American entomologist James Trager synonymised S. saevissima electra wagneri and S. wagneri together. Trager incorrectly cites Solenopsis saevissima electra wagneri as the original name, erroneously believing that the name S. wagneri was unavailable and used Buren's name S. invicta. Trager previously believed that S. invicta was conspecific with S. saevissima until comparing the material with S. wagneri. Trager notes that though S. wagneri has priority over S. invicta, the name was never used above infrasubspecific rank. The use of the name since Santschi has not been associated with collected specimens, and as a result is nomen nudum. In 1995, English myrmecologist Barry Bolton corrected Trager's error, recognising S. wagneri as the valid name and synonymised S. invicta. He states that Trager wrongfully classified S. wagneri as an unavailable name and cites S. saevissima electra wagneri as the original taxon. He concludes that S. wagneri is, in fact, the original name and has priority over S. invicta. In 1999, Steve Shattuck and colleagues proposed conserving the name S. invicta. Since the first description of S. invicta, over 1,800 scientific papers using the name were published discussing a wide range of topics about its ecological behaviour, genetics, chemical communication, economic impacts, methods of control, population, and physiology. They state that the use of S. wagneri is a "threat" to nomenclatural stability towards scientists and non-scientists; taxonomists may have been able to adapt to such name change, but name confusion may arise if such case occurred. Due to this, Shattuck and his colleagues proposed the continued use of S. invicta and not S. wagneri, as this name has been rarely used; between 1995 and 1998, over 100 papers were published using S. invicta and only three using S. wagneri. They requested that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) use plenary powers to suppress S. wagneri for the purpose of the Principle of Priority and not for the Principle of Homonymy. Furthermore, they requested that the name S. invicta be added to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that S. wagneri be added to the Official Index of Rejected Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Upon review, the proposal was voted on by the entomological community and was supported by all but two voters. They note that there is no justification in suppressing S. wagneri; instead, it would be better to give precedence to S. invicta over S. wagneri whenever an author treated them as conspecific. The ICZN would conserve S. invicta and suppress S. wagneri in a 2001 review. Under the present classification, the red imported fire ant is a member of the genus Solenopsis in the tribe Solenopsidini, subfamily Myrmicinae. It is a member of the family Formicidae, belonging to the order Hymenoptera, an order of insects containing ants, bees, and wasps. Phylogeny The red imported fire ant is a member of the S. saevissima species-group. Members can be distinguished by their two-jointed clubs at the end of the funiculus in workers and queens, and the second and third segments of the funiculus are twice as long and broad in larger workers. Polymorphism occurs in all species and the mandibles bear four teeth. The following cladogram shows the position of the red imported fire ant among other members of the S. saevissima species-group: Phenotypic and genetic data suggest that the red imported fire ant and the black imported fire ant (Solenopsis richteri) differ from each other, but they do share a close genetic relationship. Hybridisation between the two ants occurs in areas where they make contact, with the hybrid zone located in Mississippi. Such hybridisation has resulted from secondary contact between these two ants several decades ago, when they first encountered each other in southern Alabama. Based on mitochondrial DNA, examined haplotypes do not form a monophyletic clade. Some of the examined haplotypes form a closer relationship to S. megergates, S. quinquecuspis and S. richteri than they do with other S. invicta haplotypes. The occurrence of a possible paraphyletic grouping suggests that the red imported fire ant and S. quinquecuspis are possible cryptic species groups composed of several species that cannot be distinguished morphologically. Genetics Studies show that mitochondrial DNA variation occurs substantially in polygyne societies (nests with multiple queens), but no variation is detected in monogyne societies (nests with a single queen). Triploidy (a chromosomal abnormality) occurs in red imported fire ants at high rates (as high as 12% in non-reproductive females), which is linked to the high frequency of diploid males. The red imported fire ant is the first species shown to possess a green-beard gene, by which natural selection can favour altruistic behaviour. Workers containing this gene are able to distinguish between queens containing it, and those that do not, apparently by using odour cues. The workers kill queens that do not contain the gene. In 2011, scientists announced they had fully sequenced the red imported fire ant genome from a male. Description Red imported fire ant workers range in size from small to medium, making them polymorphic. Workers measure between . The head measures and is wide. In the larger workers (as in the major workers), their heads measure and wide. The antenna scapes measure and the thoracic length is . The head becomes wider behind the eyes with rounded occipital lobes present, and unlike the similar-looking S. richteri, the lobes peak further than the midline, but the occipital excision is not as crease-like. The scapes in major workers do not extend beyond occipital peak by one or two scape diameters; this feature is more noticeable in S. richteri. In medium-sized workers, the scapes reach the occipital peaks and exceed the rear border in the smallest workers. In small and medium workers, the head tends to have more elliptical sides. The head of small workers is wider out front than it is behind. In the major workers, the pronotum does not have any angular shoulders, nor does it have any sunken posteromedian area. The promesonotum is convex and the propodeum base is rounded and also convex. The base and declivity are of equal length. The suture of the promesonotum is either strong or weak in larger workers. The petiole has a thick and blunt scale; if observed from behind, it is not as rounded above in contrast to S. richteri, and sometimes it may be subtruncate. The postpetiole is large and broad, and in the larger workers, it is broader than its length. The postpetiole tends to be less broad in front and broader behind. On the rear side of the dorsal surface, a transverse impression is present. In S. richteri, this feature is also present but much weaker. The sculpture is very similar to S. richteri. The punctures are from where pilosity arises, and these are often elongated on the dorsal and ventral portions of the head. On the thorax, striae are present, but they are less engraved with fewer punctures than in S. richteri. On the petiole, the punctates are located on the sides. The postpetiole, when viewed above, has a strong shagreen with distinct transverse punctostriae. The sides are covered in deep punctures, where they appear smaller but deeper. In S. richteri, the punctures are larger and more shallow. This gives a more opaque appearance to the surface. In some cases, punctostriae may be present around the rear portion. The pilosity appears similar to that of S. richteri. These hairs are erect and vary in length, appearing long on each side of the pronotum and mesonotum; on the head, the long hairs are seen in longitudinal rows. Numerous appressed pubescent hairs are on the petiolar scale; this is the opposite in S. richteri, as these hairs are sparse. Workers appear red and somewhat yellowish with a brown or completely black gaster. Gastric spots are sometimes seen in larger workers, where they are not as brightly coloured as those in S. richteri. The gastric spot usually covers a small portion of the first gastric tergite. The thorax is concolorous, ranging from light reddish-brown to dark-brown. The legs and coxae are usually lightly shaded. The head has a consistent colour pattern in large workers, with the occiput and vertex appearing brown. Other parts of the head, including the front, genae, and the central region of the clypeus, are either yellowish or yellowish brown. The anterior borders of the genae and mandibles are dark-brown; they also both appear to share the same coloured shade with the occiput. The scapes and funiculi range from being the same colour as the head or shares the same shade with the occiput. Light-coloured areas of the head in small to medium-sized workers is restricted to only the frontal region, with a dark mark resembling an arrow or rocket being present. On occasion, nests may have a series of different colours. For example, workers may be much darker, and the gastric spot may be completely absent or appear dark-brown. Queens have a head length of and a width of . The scapes measure and the thorax is . The head is almost indistinguishable from S. richteri, but the occipital excision is less crease-like and the scapes are considerably shorter. Its petiolar scale is convex and resembles that of S. richteri. The postpetiole has straight sides that never concave, unlike in S. richteri where they concave. The thorax is almost identical, but the clear space between the metapleural striate area and propodeal spiracles is either a narrow crease or not present. The side portions of the petiole are punctate. The sides of the postpetiole are opaque with punctures present, but no irregular roughening is seen. The anterior of the dorsum is shagreen, and the middle and rear regions bear transverse puncto-striae. All these regions have erect hairs. The anterior portions of both the petiole and postpetiole have appressed pubescence that is also seen on the propodeum. The colour of the queen is similar to that of a worker: the gaster is dark brown and the legs, scapes, and thorax are light brown with dark streaks on the mesoscutum. The head is yellowish or yellowish-brown around the central regions, the occiput and mandibles are a similar colour to the thorax, and the wing veins range from colourless to pale brown. Males appear similar to S. richteri, but the upper borders of the petiolar scales are more concave. In both species, the postpetiole's and petiole's spiracles strongly project. The whole body of the male is concolorous black, but the antennae are whitish. Like the queen, the wing veins are colourless or pale brown. The red imported ant can be misidentified as the similar-looking S. richteri. The two species can be distinguished from each other through morphological examinations of the head, thorax, and postpetiole. In S. richteri, the sides of the head are broadly elliptical and the cordate shape seen in the red imported fire ant is absent. The region of the occipital lobes that are situated nearby the midline and occipital excision appear more crease-like in S. richteri than it does in the red imported fire ant. The scapes of S. richteri are longer than they are in the red imported fire ant, and the pronotum has strong angulate shoulders. Such character is almost absent in the red imported fire ant. A shallow but sunken area is only known in the larger workers of S. richteri, which is located in the posterior region of the dorsum of the pronotum. This feature is completely absent in larger red imported fire ant workers. The red imported fire ant's promesonotum is strongly convex, whereas this feature is weakly convex in S. richteri. Upon examination, the base of the propodeum is elongated and straight in S. richteri, while convex and shorter in the red imported fire ant. It also has a wide postpetiole with either straight or diverging sides. The postpetiole in S. richteri is narrower with converging sides. In S. richteri, the transverse impression on the posterodorsal portion of the postpetiole is strong, but weak or absent in the red imported fire ant. As well as that, S. richteri workers are 15% larger than red imported fire ant workers, are blackish-brown, and have a yellow stripe on the dorsal side of the gaster. Brood Eggs are tiny and oval-shaped, remaining the same size for around a week. After one week, the egg assumes the shape of an embryo and forms as a larva when the egg shell is removed. Larvae measure . They show a similar appearance to S. geminata larvae, but they can be distinguished by the integument with spinules on top of the dorsal portion of the posterior somites. The body hairs measure with a denticulate tip. The antennae both have two or three sensilla. The labrum is smaller with two hairs on the anterior surface that are . The maxilla has a sclerotised band between the cardo and stipes. The labium also has a small sclerotised band. The tubes of the labial glands are known to produce or secrete a proteinaceous substance that has a rich level of digestive enzymes, which includes proteases and amylases that function as an extraintestinal digestion of solid food. The midgut also contains amylases, roteases and upases. The narrow cells in its reservoir have little to no function in secretion. The pupae resemble adults of any caste, except that their legs and antennae are held tightly against the body. They appear white, but over time, the pupa turns darker when they are almost ready to mature. Four larval instars have been described based on distinctive morphological characters. The larvae of the minor and major workers are impossible to distinguish before the final instar, when size differences become apparent. Upon pupation a wider head width difference between castes become more evident. Reproductive larvae are larger than worker larvae, and present discrete morphological differences in mouthparts. Fourth-instar larvae of males and queens can be differentiated based on their relative shape and body coloration, and also internal gonopodal imaginal discs can differ. Polymorphism The red imported fire ant is polymorphic with two different castes of workers: minor workers and major workers (soldiers). Like many ants that exhibit polymorphism, young, smaller ants do not forage and tend to the brood instead, while the larger workers go out and forage. In incipient colonies, polymorphism does not exist, but instead they are occupied by monomorphic workers called "minims" or "nanitics". The average head-width in tested colonies increases during the first six months of development. In five-year-old colonies, the head width of minor workers decreases, but for major workers, the head-width remains the same. The total weight of a major worker is twice that of a minor worker when they first arrive, and by six months, major workers are four times heavier than minor workers. Once major workers develop, they can make up a large portion of the workforce, with as many as 35% being major workers in a single colony. This does not affect colony performance, as polymorphic colonies and nests with small workers produce broods at roughly the same rate, and polymorphism is not an advantage or disadvantage when food sources are not limited. However, polymorphic colonies are more energetically efficient, and under conditions where food is limited, polymorphism may provide a small advantage in brood production, but this depends on the levels of food stress. As worker ants grow to larger sizes, the shape of the head changes, due to the head length growing at the same time as the total body length, and the head width may grow by 20%. The length of the antennae only grows slowly; the antennae may only grow 60% longer by the time the body doubles its length, thus the relative antennal length decreases by 20% as the length of the body doubles. All individual legs of the body are isometric with body length meaning that even when the length of the body doubles, the legs will also double. However, not all of the legs are the same length; the prothoracic portion accounts for 29% of leg length, the mesothoracic 31%, and the metathoracic 41%. The first two pairs of legs are of equal length to one another, whereas the final pair is longer. Overall, the morphological appearance of a worker changes dramatically when it grows larger. The head exhibits the greatest shape change and the height of the alinotum grows quicker than its length, where a height/length ratio of 0.27 in minor workers and 0.32 in major workers is seen. Due to this, larger workers tend to have a humped-shape and robust alinotum in contrast to smaller workers. No petiole segment exhibits any change in shape as the size of the body changes. The width of the gaster grows more rapidly than its length, where the width may be 96% of its length but increases to 106%. Physiology Like other insects, the red imported fire ant breathes through a system of gas-filled tubes called tracheae connected to the external environment through spiracles. The terminal tracheal branches (tracheoles) make direct contact with internal organs and tissue. The transport of oxygen to cells (and carbon dioxide out of cells) occurs through diffusion of gases between the tracheoles and the surrounding tissue and is assisted by a discontinuous gas exchange. As with other insects, the direct communication between the tracheal system and tissues eliminates the need for a circulating fluid network to transport O2. Thus, red imported fire ants and other arthropods can have a modest circulatory system though they have highly expensive metabolic demands. The excretory system consists of three regions. The basal region has three cells found within the posterior portion of the midgut. The anterior and superior cavities are formed by the bases of four Malpighian tubules. The superior cavity opens into the lumen of the small intestine. The rectum is a large but thin-walled sac that occupies the posterior fifth of the larvae. The release of waste is controlled by the rectal valves that lead to the anus. Sometimes, the larvae secrete a liquid that consists of uric acid, water and salts. These contents are often carried outside by workers and ejected, but colonies under water stress may consume the contents. In the reproductive system, queens release a pheromone that prevents dealation and oogenesis in virgin females; those tested in colonies without a queen begin oocyte development after dealation and take up the egg-laying role. Flight muscle degeneration is initiated by mating and juvenile hormones, and prevented by corpus allatectomy. Histolysis begins with the dissolution of the myofibril and the slow breakdown of the myofilaments. Such dissolution continues until it reaches the only free Z-line materials, which would also disappear; only the nuclei and lamellar bodies remain. In one study, the amino acids increase in the hemolymph after insemination. The glandular system contains four glands: the mandibular, maxillary, labial, and postpharyngeal glands. The postpharyngeal is well developed in the queen, while the other glands are larger in workers. The postpharyngeal gland functions as a vacuum to absorb fatty acids and triglycerides, as well as a gastric caecum. The functions of the other glands remain poorly understood. In one study discussing the enzymes of the digestion system of adult ants, lipase activity was found in the mandibular and labial glands, as well as invertase activity. The Dufour's gland found in the ant acts as a source of trail pheromones, although scientists believed the poison gland was the source of the queen pheromone. The neurohormone pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide is found in the ant that activates the biosynthesis of pheromones from the Dufour's gland. The spermatheca gland is found in queens, which functions in sperm maintenance. Males appear to lack these glands, but those associated with its head are morphologically similar to those found in workers, but these glands may act differently. The ant faces many respiratory challenges due to its highly variable environment, which can cause increased desiccation, hypoxia, and hypercapnia. Hot, humid climates cause an increase in heart rate and respiration which increases energy and water loss. Hypoxia and hypercapnia can result from red imported fire ant colonies living in poorly ventilated thermoregulatory mounds and underground nests. Discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) may allow ants to survive the hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions frequently found in their burrows; it is ideal for adapting to these conditions because it allows the ants to increase the period of O2 intake and CO2 expulsion independently through spiracle manipulation. The invasion success of the red imported fire ant may possibly be related to its physiological tolerance to abiotic stress, being more heat tolerant and more adaptable to desiccation stress than S. richteri. This means that the ant is less vulnerable to heat and desiccation stress. Although S. richteri has higher water body content than the red imported fire ant, S. richteri was more vulnerable to desiccation stress. The lower sensitivity to desiccation is due to a lower water loss rate. Colonies living in unshaded and warmer sites tend to have a higher heat tolerance than those living in shaded and cooler sites. Metabolic rate, which indirectly affects respiration, is also influenced by environmental temperature. Peak metabolism occurs at about 32 °C. Metabolism, and therefore respiration rate, increases consistently as temperature increases. DGE stops above 25 °C, although the reason for this is currently unknown. Respiration rate also appears to be influenced significantly by caste. Males show a considerably higher rate of respiration than females and workers, due, in part, to their capability for flight and higher muscle mass. In general, males have more muscle and less fat, resulting in a higher metabolic O2 demand. While the metabolic rate is highest at 32 °C, colonies often thrive at slightly cooler temperatures (around 25 °C). The high rate of metabolic activity associated with warmer temperatures is a limiting factor on colony growth because the need for food consumption is also increased. As a result, larger colonies tend to be found in cooler conditions because the metabolic demands required to sustain a colony are decreased. Distribution and habitat Red imported fire ants are native to the tropical areas of Central South America, where they have an expansive geographical range that extends from southeastern Peru to central Argentina, and to the south of Brazil. In contrast to its geographical range in North America, its range in South America is significantly different. It has an extremely long north–south range, but a very narrow east–west distribution. The northernmost record of the red imported fire ant is Porto Velho in Brazil, and its southernmost record is Resistencia in Argentina; this is a distance of about . In comparison, the width of its narrow range is about , and this is most likely narrower into southern Argentina and Paraguay and into the northern areas of the Amazon River basin. Most known records of the red imported fire ant are around the Pantanal region of Brazil. However, the interior of this area has not been examined thoroughly, but it is certain that the species occurs in favourable locations around it. The Pantanal region is thought to be the original homeland of the red imported fire ant; hydrochore dispersal via floating ant rafts could easily account for the far south populations around the Paraguay and Guaporé Rivers. The western extent of its range is not known exactly, but its abundance there may be limited. It may be extensive in easternmost Bolivia, owing to the presence of the Pantanal region. These ants are native to Argentina, and the red imported fire ant most likely came from here when they first invaded the United States; in particular, populations of these ants have been found in the provinces of Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, and Tucumán. The northeastern regions of Argentina are the most credible guess where the invading ants originate. In Brazil, they are found in northern Mato Grosso and in Rondônia and in São Paulo state. The red imported fire ant and S. saevissima are parapatric in Brazil, with contact zones known in Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná state and São Paulo. In Paraguay they are found throughout the country, and have been recorded in Boquerón, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, and Presidente Hayes departments; Trager claims that the ant is distributed in all regions of the country. They are also found in a large portion of northeastern Bolivia and, to a lesser extent, in northwestern Uruguay. The red imported fire ant is able to dominate altered areas and live in a variety of habitats. It can survive the extreme weather of the South American rain forest, and in disturbed areas, nests are seen frequently alongside roads and buildings. The ant has been observed frequently around the floodplains of the Paraguay River. In areas where water is present, they are commonly found around: irrigation channels, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams, riverbanks, and mangrove swamps. Nests are found in agricultural areas, coastlands, wetlands, coastal dune remnants, deserts, forests, grasslands, natural forests, oak woodland, mesic forest, leaf-litter, beach margins, shrublands, alongside rail and roads, and in urban areas. In particular, they are found in cultivated land, managed forests and plantations, disturbed areas, intensive livestock production systems, and greenhouses. Red imported fire ants have been found to invade buildings, including medical facilities. In urban areas, colonies dwell in open areas, especially if the area is sunny. This includes: urban gardens, picnic areas, lawns, playgrounds, schoolyards, parks, and golf courses. In some areas, there are on average 200 mounds per acre. During winter, colonies move under pavements or into buildings, and newly mated queens move into pastures. Red imported fire ants are mostly found at altitudes between above sea level. Mounds range from small to large, measuring in height and in diameter with no visible entrances. Workers are only able to access their nests through a series of tunnels that protrude from the central region. Such protrusions can span up to 25 feet away from the central mound, either straight down in to the ground or, more commonly, sideways from the original mound. Constructed from soil, mounds are oriented so that the long portions of the mound face toward the sun during the early morning and before sunset. Mounds are usually oval-shaped with the long axis of the nest orientating itself in a north–south direction. These ants also spend large amounts of energy in nest construction and transporting brood, which is related with thermoregulation. The brood is transported to areas where temperatures are high; workers track temperature patterns of the mound and do not rely on behavioural habits. Inside nests, mounds contain a series of narrow horizontal tunnels, with subterranean shafts and nodes reaching grass roots below the surface; these shafts and nodes connect the mound tunnels to the subterranean chambers. These chambers are about 5 cm2 (0.77 inch2) and reach depths of . The mean number of ants in a single subterranean chamber is around 200. Introductions Red imported fire ants are among the worst invasive species in the world. Some scientists consider the red imported fire ant to be a "disturbance specialist"; human disturbance to the environment may be a major factor behind the ants' impact (fire ants tend to favour disturbed areas). This is shown through one experiment, demonstrating that mowing and plowing in studied areas diminished the diversity and abundance of native ant species, whereas red imported fire ants found on undisturbed forest plots had only diminished a couple of species. In the United States, the red imported fire ant first arrived in the seaport of Mobile, Alabama, by cargo ship between 1933 and 1945. Arriving with an estimated 9 to 20 unrelated queens, the red imported fire ant was only rare at the time, as entomologists were unable to collect any specimens (with the earliest observations first made in 1942, preceded by a population expansion in 1937); the population of these ants exploded by the 1950s. Since its introduction to the United States, the red imported fire ant has spread throughout the southern states and northeastern Mexico, negatively affecting wildlife and causing economic damage. The expansion of red imported fire ants may be limited since they are almost wiped out during Tennessee winters, thus they may be reaching their northernmost range. However, global warming may allow the red imported fire ant to expand its geographical range. As of 2004, the ant is found in 13 states and occupies over 128 million hectares of land, and as many as 400 mounds can be found on a single acre of land. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that they expand westward per year. Likely due to absence of South American competitors - and lower numbers of native competitors - S. invicta dominates more extrafloral nectaries and hemipteran honeydew sources in the Southern U.S. than in its home range. Red imported fire ants were first discovered in Queensland, Australia, in 2001. The ants were believed to be present in shipping containers arriving at the Port of Brisbane, most likely from North America. Anecdotal evidence suggests fire ants may have been present in Australia for six to eight years prior to formal identification. The potential damage from the red imported fire ant prompted the Australian government to respond rapidly. A joint state and federal funding of A$175 million was granted for a six-year eradication programme. Following years of eradication, eradication rates of greater than 99% from previously infested properties were reported. The program received extended Commonwealth funding of around A$10 million for at least another two years to treat the residual infestations found most recently. In December 2014, a nest was identified at Port Botany, Sydney, in New South Wales. The port was quarantined, and a removal operation took place. In September 2015, populations originating from the United States were found at a Brisbane airport. Hundreds of millions of dollars have since been allocated to their eradication. In August 2023, the Invasive Species Council said that without additional funding, fire ants would probably spread into northern New South Wales and west, potentially into the Murray Darling Basin. Red imported fire ants have spread beyond North America. The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) reports the ant inhabiting from three of the Cayman Islands. However, the sources the ISSG cited give no report about them on the island, but recent collections indicate that they are present. In 2001, red imported fire ants were discovered in New Zealand, but they were successfully eradicated several years later. Red imported fire ants have been reported in India, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. However, these reports were found to be incorrect as the ants collected there were incorrectly identified as the red imported fire ant. In Singapore, the ants were most likely misidentified as well. In India, surveyed ants in Sattur Taluk, India listed the red imported fire ant there in high populations; meanwhile, no reports of the ant were made outside the surveyed area. In 2016, scientists state that despite no presence of the ant in India, the red imported fire ant will more than likely find suitable habitats within India's ecosystem if given the opportunity. The reports in the Philippines most likely misidentified collected material as the red imported fire ant, as no populations have been found there. It was discovered in Hong Kong and mainland China in 2004, where they have spread into several provinces as well as Macau and Taiwan. No geographic or climatic barriers prevent these ants from spreading further, thus it may spread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. In Europe, a single nest was found in the Netherlands in 2002. For the first time, in 2023, ant colonies have been found in Europe. Around 1980, red imported fire ants began spreading throughout the West Indies, where they were first reported in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Between 1991 and 2001, the ant was recorded from Trinidad and Tobago, several areas in the Bahamas, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Since then, red imported fire ants have been recorded on more islands and regions, with new populations discovered in: Anguilla, Saint Martin, Barbuda, Montserrat, Saint Kitts, Nevis, Aruba, and Jamaica. The ants recorded from Aruba and Jamaica have only been found on golf courses; these courses import sod from Florida, so such importation may be an important way for the ant to spread throughout the West Indies. Populations found outside North America originate from the United States. In 2011, the DNA of specimens from Australia, China, and Taiwan was analysed with results showing that they are related to those in the United States. Despite the spread of the red imported fire ant (S. invicta), S. geminata has a greater geographical range, but it can be easily displaced by S. invicta. Because of this, almost all of S. geminata'''s exotic range in North America has been lost and it has almost disappeared there. On roadsides in Florida, 83% of these sites had S. geminata present when the red imported fire ant was absent, but only 7% when it is present. This means that the ant can probably invade many tropical and subtropical regions where S. geminata populations are present. Behaviour and ecology Red imported fire ants are extremely resilient and have adapted to contend with both flooding and drought conditions. If the ants sense increased water levels in their nests, they link together and form a ball or raft that floats, with the workers on the outside and the queen inside. The brood is transported to the highest surface. They are also used as the founding structure of the raft, except for the eggs and smaller larvae. Before submerging, the ants will tip themselves into the water and sever connections with the dry land. In some cases, workers may deliberately remove all males from the raft, resulting in the males drowning. The longevity of a raft can be as long as 12 days. Ants that are trapped underwater escape by lifting themselves to the surface using bubbles which are collected from submerged substrate. Owing to their greater vulnerability to predators, red imported fire ants are significantly more aggressive when rafting. Workers tend to deliver higher doses of venom, which reduces the threat of other animals attacking. Due to this, and because a higher workforce of ants is available, rafts are potentially dangerous to those that encounter them. Necrophoric behaviour occurs in the red imported fire ant. Workers discard uneaten food and other such wastes away from the nest. The active component was not identified, but the fatty acids accumulating as a result of decomposition were implicated and bits of paper coated with synthetic oleic acid typically elicited a necrophoric response. The process behind this behaviour in imported red fire ants was confirmed by Blum (1970): unsaturated fats, such as oleic acid, elicit corpse-removal behaviour. Workers also show differentiated responses towards dead workers and pupae. Dead workers are usually taken away from the nest, whereas the pupae may take a day for a necrophoric response to occur. Pupae infected by Metarhizium anisopliae are usually discarded by workers at a higher rate; 47.5% of unaffected corpses are discarded within a day, but for affected corpses this figure is 73.8%. Red imported fire ants have negative impacts on seed germination. The extent of the damage, however, depends on how long seeds are vulnerable for (dry and germinating) and by the abundance of the ants. One study showed that while these ants are attracted to and remove seeds which have adapted for ant dispersal, red imported fire ants damage these seeds or move them in unfavourable locations for germination. In seeds given to colonies, 80% of Sanguinaria canadensis seeds were scarified and 86% of Viola rotundifolia seeds were destroyed. Small percentages of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) seeds deposited by workers successfully germinate, thus providing evidence that red imported fire ants help the movement of seeds in the longleaf pine ecosystem. Elaiosome-bearing seeds are collected at a higher rate in contrast to nonelaiosome-bearing seeds and do not store them in their nests, but rather in surface trash piles in the mound vicinity. Foraging and communication Colonies of the red imported fire ant have tunneling surfaces that protrude out of the surfaces where workers forage. These areas of protrusion tend to be within their own territory, but greater ant colonisation can affect this. Tunnels are designed to allow effective body, limb and antennae interactions with walls, and a worker can also move exceptionally fast inside them (more than nine bodylengths per second). The holes exit out of any point within the colony's territory, and foraging workers may need to travel half a metre to reach the surface. Assuming the average forager travels 5 m, over 90% of foraging time is inside the tunnels during the day and rarely at night. Workers forage in soil temperatures reaching 27 °C (80 °F) and surface temperatures of 12–51 °C (53–123 °F). Workers exposed to temperatures of 42 °C (107 °F) are at risk of dying from the heat. The rate of workers foraging drops rapidly by autumn, and they rarely emerge during winter. This may be due to the effects of soil temperature, and a decreased preference for food sources. These preferences only decrease when brood production is low. In the northern regions of the United States, areas are too cold for the ant to forage, but in other areas such as Florida and Texas, foraging may occur all year round. When it is raining, workers do not forage outside, as exit holes are temporarily blocked, pheromone trails are washed away, and foragers may be physically struck by the rain. The soil's moisture may also affect the foraging behaviour of workers. When workers are foraging, it is characterised by three steps: searching, recruitment, and transportation. Workers tend to search for honey more often than other food sources, and the weight of food has no impact on searching time. Workers may recruit other nestmates if the food they have found is too heavy, taking as much as 30 minutes for the maximum number of recruited workers to arrive. Lighter food sources take less time and are usually transported rapidly. Foraging workers become scouts and search solely for food outside the surface, and may subsequently die two weeks later from old age. Workers communicate by a series of semiochemicals and pheromones. These communication methods are used in a variety of activities, such as nestmate recruitment, foraging, attraction, and defence; for example, a worker may secrete trail pheromones if a food source it discovered is too large to carry. These pheromones are synthesized by the Dufour's gland and may trail from the discovered food source back to the nest. The components in these trail pheromones are also species-specific to this ant only, in contrast to other ants with common tail pheromones. The poison sack in this species has been identified as being the novel storage site of the queen pheromone; this pheromone is known to elicit orientation in worker individuals, resulting in the deposition of brood. It is also an attractant, where workers aggregate toward areas where the pheromone has been released. A brood pheromone is possibly present, as workers are able to segregate brood by their age and caste, which is followed by licking, grooming and antennation. If a colony is under attack, workers will release alarm pheromones. However, these pheromones are poorly developed in workers. Workers can detect pyrazines which are produced by the alates; these pyrazines may be involved in nuptial flight, as well as an alarm response. Red imported fire ants can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and specific colony odours. Workers prefer to dig into nest materials from their own colony and not from soil in unnested areas or from other red imported fire ant colonies. One study suggests that as a colony's diet is similar, the only difference between nested and unnested soil was the nesting of the ants themselves. Therefore, workers may transfer colony odour within the soil. Colony odour can be affected by the environment, as workers in lab-reared colonies are less aggressive than those in the wild. Queen-derived cues are able to regulate nestmate recognition in workers and amine levels. However, these cues do not play a major role in colony-level recognition, but they can serve as a form of caste-recognition within nests. Workers living in monogyne societies tend to be extremely aggressive and attack intruders from neighbouring nests. In queenless colonies, the addition of alien queens or workers does not increase aggression among the population. Diet Red imported fire ants are omnivores, and foragers are considered to be scavengers rather than predators. The ants' diet consists of dead mammals, arthropods, insects, earthworms, vertebrates, and solid food matter such as seeds. However, this species prefers liquid over solid food. The liquid food the ants collect is sweet substances from plants or honeydew-producing hemipterans. Arthropod prey may include dipteran adults, larvae and pupae, and termites. The consumption of sugar amino acid is known to affect recruitment of workers to plant nectars. Mimic plants with sugar rarely have workers to feed on them, whereas those with sugar and amino acids have considerable numbers. The habitats where they live may determine the food they collect the most; for example, forage success rates for solid foods are highest in lakeshore sites, while high levels of liquid sources were collected from pasture sites. Specific diets can also alter the growth of a colony, with laboratory colonies showing high growth if fed honey-water. Colonies that feed on insects and sugar-water can grow exceptionally large in a short period of time, whereas those that do not feed on sugar-water grow substantially slower. Colonies that do not feed on insects cease brood production entirely. Altogether, the volume of food digested by nestmates is regulated within colonies. Larvae are able to display independent appetites for sources such as solid proteins, amino acid solutions, and sucrose solutions, and they also prefer these sources over dilute solutions. Such behaviour is due to their capability to communicate hunger to workers. The rate of consumption depends on the type, concentration, and state of the food on which they feed. Workers tend to recruit more nestmates to food sources filled with high levels of sucrose than to protein. Food distribution plays an important role in a colony. This behaviour varies in colonies, with small workers receiving more food than larger workers if a small colony is seriously deprived of food. In larger colonies, however, the larger workers receive more food. Workers can donate sugar water efficiently to other nestmates, with some acting as donors. These "donors" distribute their food sources to recipients, which may also act as donors. Workers may also share a greater portion of their food with other nestmates. In colonies that are not going through starvation, food is still distributed among the workers and larvae. One study shows that honey and soybean oil were fed to the larvae after 12 to 24 hours of being retained by the workers. The ratio distribution of these food sources was 40% towards the larvae and 60% towards the worker for honey, and for soybean oil this figure was around 30 and 70%, respectively. Red imported fire ants also stockpile specific food sources such as insect pieces rather than consuming them immediately. These pieces are usually transported below the mound surface and in the driest and warmest locations. This species engages in trophallaxis with the larvae. Regardless of the attributes and conditions of each larva, they are fed roughly the same amount of liquid food. The rate of trophallaxis may increase with larval food deprivation, but such increase depends on the size of each larva. Larvae that are fed regularly tend to be given small amounts. To reach satiation, all larvae regardless of their size generally require the equivalent of eight hours of feeding. Predators A number of insects, arachnids, and birds prey on these ants, especially when queens are trying to establish a new colony. While in the absence of defending workers, the fire ant queens must rely on their venom to keep off competitor species Many species of dragonfly, including Anax junius, Pachydiplax longipennis, Somatochlora provocans, and Tramea carolina, capture the queens while they are in flight; 16 species of spiders, including the wolf spider Lycosa timuga and the southern black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans), actively kill red imported fire ants. L. mactans captures all castes of the species (the workers, queens, and males) within its web. These ants constitute 75% of prey captured by the spider. Juvenile L. mactans spiders have also been seen capturing the ants. Other invertebrates that prey on red imported fire ants are earwigs (Labidura riparia) and tiger beetles (Cicindela punctulata). Birds that eat these ants include the chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica), the eastern kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), and the eastern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus virginianus). The eastern bobwhite attacks these ants by digging out the mounds looking for young queens. Red imported fire ants have been found in stomach contents inside of armadillos. Many species of ants have been observed attacking queens and killing them. Apparently, the venom of fire ant queens is chemically adapted to rapidly subdue offending competitor ants. Predatory ants include: Ectatomma edentatum, Ephebomyrmex spp., Lasius neoniger, Pheidole spp., Pogonomyrmex badius, and Conomyrma insana, which is among the most significant. C. insana ants are known to be effective predators against founding queens in studied areas of Northern Florida. The pressure of attacks initiated by C. insana increase over time, causing queens to exhibit different reactions, including escaping, concealment, or defence. Most queens that are attacked by these ants are ultimately killed. Queens that are in groups have higher chances of survival than solitary queens if they are attacked by S. geminata. Ants can attack queens on the ground and invade nests by stinging and dismembering them. Other ants such as P. porcula try to take the head and gaster, and C. clara invade in groups. Also, certain ants try to drag queens out of their nests by pulling on the antennae or legs. Small, monomorphic ants rely on recruitment to kill queens and do not attack them until reinforcements arrive. Aside from killing the queen, some ants may steal the eggs for consumption or emit a repellent that is effective against red imported fire ants. Certain ant species may raid colonies and destroy them. Parasites, pathogens and viruses Flies in the genus Pseudacteon (phorid flies) are known to be parasitic to ants. Some species within this genus, such as Pseudacteon tricuspis, have been introduced into the environment for the purpose of controlling the imported fire ant. These flies are parasitoids of the red imported fire ant in its native range in South America, and can be attracted through the ants' venom alkaloids. One species, Pseudacteon obtusus, attacks the ant by landing on the posterior portion of the head and laying an egg. The location of the egg makes it impossible for the ant to successfully remove it. The larvae migrate to the head, then develop by feeding on the hemolymph, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. After about two weeks, they cause the ant's head to fall off by releasing an enzyme that dissolves the membrane attaching the head to its body. The fly pupates in the detached head capsule, emerging two weeks later. P. tricuspis is another phorid fly that is a parasitoid to this species. Although parasitism pressures by these flies do not affect the ants' population density and activity, it has a small effect on a colony population. The strepsipteran insect Caenocholax fenyesi is known to infect male ants of this species and attack the eggs, and the mite Pyemotes tritici has been considered a potential biological agent against red imported fire ants, capable of parasitising every caste within the colony. Bacteria, such as Wolbachia, has been found in the red imported fire ant; three different variants of the bacteria are known to infect the red imported fire ant. However, its effect on the ant is unknown. Solenopsis daguerrei is a reproductive parasite to red imported fire ant colonies. A large variety of pathogens and nematodes also infect red imported fire ants. Pathogens include Myrmecomyces annellisae, Mattesia spp., Steinernema spp., a mermithid nematode, Vairimorpha invictae, which can be transmitted via live larvae and pupae and dead adults and Tetradonema solenopsis, which can be fatal to a large portion of a colony. Individuals infected by Metarhizium anisopliae tend to perform trophallaxis more frequently and have an enhanced preference to quinine, an alkaloid substance. Phorid flies with Kneallhazia solenopsae can serve as vectors in transmitting the disease to the ants. Weakening the colony, infections from this disease are localised within the body fat, with spores only occurring in adult individuals. The mortality of an infected colony tends to be greater in contrast to those that are healthy. These ants are a host to Conidiobolus, Myrmicinosporidium durum, and Beauveria bassiana, each of which are parasitic fungi. Infected individuals have spores all over their bodies and appear darker than usual. The toxicity from antimicrobial property of volatiles produced by the ants can significantly reduce the germination rate of B. bassiana within the colony. A virus, S. invicta 1 (SINV-1), has been found in about 20% of fire ant fields, where it appears to cause the slow death of infected colonies. It has proven to be self-sustaining and transmissible. Once introduced, it can eliminate a colony within three months. Researchers believe the virus has potential as a viable biopesticide to control fire ants. Two more viruses have also been discovered: S. invicta 2 (SINV-2) and S. invicta 3 (SINV-3). Polygynous colonies tend to face greater infections in contrast to monogynous colonies. Multiple virus infections can also occur. Lifecycle and reproduction Nuptial flight in red imported fire ants begins during the warmer seasons of the year (spring and summer), usually two days after rain. The time alates emerge and mate is between noon and 3:00pm. Nuptial flights recorded in North Florida have, on average, 690 female and male alates participating in a single flight. Males are the first to leave the nest, and both sexes readily undertake flight with little to no preflight activity. However, workers swarm the mound excitedly stimulated by mandibular glands within the head of the alates. As mounds do not have holes, workers form holes during nuptial flight as a way for the alates to emerge. This behaviour in workers, elicited by the pheromones, includes rapid running and back-and-forth movements, and increased aggression. Workers also cluster themselves around the alates as they climb up on vegetation, and in some cases, attempt to pull them back down before they take flight. Chemical cues from males and females during nuptial flight attract workers, but chemical cues released by workers do not attract other nestmates. It also induces alarm-recruitment behaviour in workers which results in a higher rate of alate retrieval. Males fly at higher elevations than females: captured males are usually above the surface, whereas the females are only above the surface. A nuptial flight takes place for roughly half an hour and females generally fly for less than before landing. About 95% of queens successfully mate and only mate once; some males may be infertile due to the testicular lobes failing to develop. In polygyne colonies, males do not play a significant role and most are, therefore, sterile; one of the reasons for this is to avoid mating with other ant species. This also makes male mortality selective, which may affect the breeding system, mating success and, gene flow. Ideal conditions for a nuptial flight to begin is when humidity levels are above 80% and when the soil temperature is above 18 °C (64 °F). Nuptial flights only occur when the ambient temperature is 24–32 °C (75–89 °F). Queens are often found 1–2.3 miles from the nest they flew from. Colony founding can be done by an individual or in groups, known as pleometrosis. This joint effort of the co-foundresses contributes to the growth and survival of the incipient colony; nests founded by multiple queens begin the growth period with three times as many workers when compared to colonies founded by a single queen. Despite this, such associations are not always stable. The emergence of the first workers instigates queen-queen and queen-worker fighting. In pleometrotic conditions, only one queen emerges victorious, whereas the queens that lost are subsequently killed by the workers. The two factors that could affect the survival of individual queens are their relative fighting capabilities and their relative contribution to worker production. Size, an indicator of fighting capacity, positively correlates with survival rates. However, manipulation of the queen's relative contribution to worker production had no correlation with survival rate. A single queen lays around 10 to 15 eggs 24 hours after mating. In established nests, a queen applies venom onto each egg that perhaps contains a signal calling for workers to move it. These eggs remain unchanged in size for one week until they hatch into larvae. By this time, the queen will have laid about 75 to 125 more eggs. The larvae that hatch from their eggs are usually covered in their shell membranes for several days. The larvae can free their mouthparts from their shells using body movements, but still need assistance from workers with hatching. The larval stage is divided into four instars, as observed through the moulting stages. At the end of each moult, a piece of unknown material is seen connected to the exuviae if they are isolated from the workers. The larval stage lasts between six and 12 days before their bodies expand significantly and become pupae; the pupal stage lasts between nine and 16 days. As soon as the first individuals reach the pupal stage, the queen ceases egg production until the first workers mature. This process takes two weeks to one month. The young larvae are fed oils which are regurgitated from her crop, as well as trophic eggs or secretions. She also feeds the young her wing muscles, providing the young with needed nutrients. The first generation of workers are always small because of the limit of nutrients needed for development. These workers are known as minims or nanitics, which burrow out of the queen's chamber and commence foraging for food needed for the colony. Mound construction also occurs at this time. Within a month after the first generation is born, larger workers (major workers) start to develop, and within six months, the mound will be noticeable, if viewed, and houses several thousand residents. A mature queen is capable of laying 1,500 eggs per day; all workers are sterile, so cannot reproduce. A colony can grow exceptionally fast. Colonies that housed 15–20 workers in May grew to over 7,000 by September. These colonies started to produce reproductive ants when they were a year old, and by the time they were two years old, they had over 25,000 workers. The population doubled to 50,000 when these colonies were three years old. At maturity, a colony can house 100,000 to 250,000 individuals, but other reports suggest that colonies can hold more than 400,000. Polygyne colonies have the potential to grow much larger than monogyne colonies. Several factors contribute to colony growth. Temperature plays a major role in colony growth and development; colony growth ceases below 24 °C and developmental time decreases from 55 days at temperatures of 24 °C to 23 days at 35 °C. Growth in established colonies only occurs at temperatures between 24 and 36 °C. Nanitic brood also develops far quicker than minor worker brood (around 35% faster), which is beneficial for founding colonies. Colonies that have access to an unlimited amount of insect prey are known to grow substantially, but this growth is further accelerated if they are able to access plant resources colonised by hemipteran insects. In incipient monogyne colonies where diploid males are produced, colony mortality rates are significantly high and colony growth is slow. In some cases, monogyne colonies experience 100% mortality rates in the early stages of development. The life expectancy of a worker ant depends on its size, although the overall average is around 62 days. Minor workers are expected to live for about 30 to 60 days, whereas the larger workers live much longer. Larger workers, which have a life expectancy of 60 to 180 days, live 50–140% longer than their smaller counterparts, but this depends on the temperature. However, workers kept in laboratory conditions have been known to live for 10 to 70 weeks (70 days to 490 days); the maximum recorded longevity of a worker is 97 weeks (or 679 days). The queens live much longer than the workers, with a lifespan ranging from two years to nearly seven years. In colonies, queens are the only ants able to alter sex ratios which can be predicted. For example, queens originating from male-producing colonies tend to produce predominantly males, while queens that came from female-favoured sex ratio colonies tend to produce females. Queens also exert control over the production of sexuals through pheromones that influence the behaviours of workers toward both male and female larvae. Monogyny and polygyny There are two forms of society in the red imported fire ant: polygynous colonies and monogynous colonies. Polygynous colonies differ substantially from monogynous colonies in social insects. The former experience reductions in queen fecundity, dispersal, longevity, and nestmate relatedness. Polygynous queens are also less physogastric than monogynous queens and workers are smaller. Understanding the mechanisms behind queen recruitment is integral to understanding how these differences in fitness are formed. It is unusual that the number of older queens in a colony does not influence new queen recruitment. Levels of queen pheromone, which appears to be related to queen number, play important roles in the regulation of reproduction. It would follow that workers would reject new queens when exposed to large quantities of this queen pheromone. Moreover, evidence supports the claim that queens in both populations enter nests at random, without any regard for the number of older queens present. There is no correlation between the number of older queens and the number of newly recruited queens. Three hypotheses have been posited to explain the acceptance of multiple queens into established colonies: mutualism, kin selection, and parasitism. The mutualism hypothesis states that cooperation leads to an increase in the personal fitness of older queens. However, this hypothesis is not consistent with the fact that increasing queen number decreases both queen production and queen longevity. Kin selection also seems unlikely given that queens have been observed to cooperate under circumstances where they are statistically unrelated. Therefore, queens experience no gain in personal fitness by allowing new queens into the colony. Parasitism of preexisting nests appears to be the best explanation of polygyny. One theory is that so many queens attempt to enter the colony that the workers get confused and inadvertently allow several queens to join it. Monogyne workers kill foreign queens and aggressively defend their territory. However, not all behaviours are universal, primarily because worker behaviours depend on the ecological context in which they develop, and the manipulation of worker genotypes can elicit change in behaviours. Therefore, behaviours of native populations can differ from those of introduced populations. In a study to assess the aggressive behaviour of monogyne and polygyne red fire ant workers by studying interaction in neutral arenas, and to develop a reliable ethogram for readily distinguishing between monogyne and polygyne colonies of red imported fire ants in the field, monogyne and polygyne workers discriminated between nestmates and foreigners as indicated by different behaviours ranging from tolerance to aggression. Monogyne ants always attacked foreign ants independently if they were from monogyne or polygyne colonies, whereas polygyne ants recognised, but did not attack, foreign polygyne ants, mainly by exhibiting postures similar to behaviours assumed after attacks by Pseudacteon phorids. Hostile versus warning behaviours were strongly dependent on the social structure of workers. Therefore, the behaviour toward foreign workers was a method of characterising monogyne and polygyne colonies. Most colonies in the southeastern and south-central US tend to be monogynous. The monogynous red imported fire ant colony territorial area and the mound size are positively correlated, which, in turn, is regulated by the colony size (number and biomass of workers), distance from neighbouring colonies, prey density, and by the colony's collective competitive ability. In contrast, nestmate discrimination among polygynous colonies is more relaxed as workers tolerate conspecific ants alien to the colony, accept other heterozygote queens, and do not aggressively protect their territory from polygyne conspecifics. These colonies might increase their reproductive output as a result of having many queens and the possibility of exploiting greater territories by means of cooperative recruitment and interconnected mounds. A social chromosome is present in the red imported fire ant. This chromosome can differentiate the social organisation of a colony carrying one of two variants of a supergene (B and b) which contains more than 600 genes. The social chromosome has often been compared to sexual chromosomes because they share similar genetic features and they define colony phenotype in a similar way. For example, colonies exclusively carrying the B variant of this chromosome accept single BB queens, but colonies with both B and b variants will accept multiple Bb queens only. Differences in another single gene can also determine whether the colony will have single or multiple queens. Relationship with other animals Competition When polygyne forms invade areas where colonies have not yet been established, the diversity of native arthropods and vertebrates declines greatly. This is evident as populations of isopods, mites and tumblebug scarabs decline significantly. They can also significantly alter the populations of many fly and beetle families, including: Calliphoridae, Histeridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Silphidae, and Staphylinidae. Despite this, one review found that certain insects may be unaffected by red imported fire ants; for example, the density of isopods decreases in red imported fire ant infested areas, but crickets of the genus Gryllus are unaffected. There are some cases where the diversity of certain insect and arthropod species increase in areas where red imported fire ants are present. Red imported fire ants are important predators on cave invertebrates, some of which are endangered species. This includes harvestmen, pseudoscorpions, spiders, ground beetles, and pselaphid beetles. The biggest concern is not the ant itself, but the bait used to treat them because this can prove fatal. Stock Island tree snails (Orthalicus reses) are extinct in the wild; predation by red imported fire ants is believed to be the major factor in the snail's extinction. Overall, red imported fire ants prefer specific arthropods to others, although they attack and kill any invertebrate that cannot defend itself or escape. Arthropod biodiversity increases once red imported fire ant populations are either reduced or eradicated. Interactions between red imported fire ants and mammals have been rarely documented. However, deaths of live-trapped animals by red imported fire ants have been observed. Mortality rates in eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) young range from 33 to 75% because of red imported fire ants. It is believed that red imported fire ants have a strong impact on many herpetofauna species; scientists have noted population declines in the Florida kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula floridana), and eggs and adults of the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) and six-lined racerunner (Aspidoscelis sexlineata) are a source of food. Because of this, eastern fence lizards have adapted to have longer legs and new behaviours to escape the red imported fire ant. Additionally, another lizard species, Sphaerodactylus macrolepis are also a target of the fire ants' and have developed tactics to fend them off, such as tail flicks. Adult three-toed box turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis), Houston toad (Anaxyrus houstonensis) juveniles, and American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) hatchlings are also attacked and killed by these ants. Despite this mostly-negative association, one study shows that red imported fire ants may be capable of impacting vector-borne disease transmissions by regulating tick populations and altering vector and host dynamics, thereby reducing transmission rates not only to animals, but to humans as well. Mortality rates have been well observed in birds; there have been instances where no young have survived to adulthood in areas with high fire ant density. Many birds including cliff nesting swallows, ducks, egrets, quail, and terns have been affected by red imported fire ants. Ground nesting birds, particularly the least tern (Sterna antillarum), are vulnerable to fire ant attacks. The impact of red imported fire ants on colonial breeding birds is especially severe; waterbirds can experience a mortality rate of 100%, although this factor was lower for early-nesting birds. Brood survival decreases in American cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) if they are exposed to foraging workers. Songbird nest survival decreases in areas with red imported fire ants present, but survival rates in white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus) and black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla) nests increase from 10% to 31% and 7% to 13% whenever fire ants are not present or when they are unable to attack them. Red imported fire ants may indirectly contribute to low brood survival in the Attwater's prairie chicken. It was first thought that the ants were linked to the decline of overwintering birds such as the loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), but a later study showed that ant eradication efforts using the pesticide Mirex, which was known to have toxic side effects, was largely to blame. Red imported fire ants are strong competitors with many ant species. They have managed to displace many native ants which has led to a number of ecological consequences. However, studies show that these ants are not always superior competitors that suppress native ants. Habitat disturbance prior to their arrival, and recruitment limitations, are more plausible reasons why native ants are suppressed. Between Tapinoma melanocephalum and Pheidole fervida, the red imported fire ant is stronger than both species but shows different levels of aggression. For example, they are less hostile towards T. melanocephalum in contrast to P. fervida. Mortality rates in T. melanocephalum and P. fervida when fighting with red imported fire ants are high, being 31.8% and 49.9% respectively. The mortality rate for red imported fire ant workers, however, is only 0.2% to 12%. The imported crazy ant (Nylanderia fulva) exhibits greater dominance than the red imported fire ant and has been known to displace them in habitats where they encounter each other in. Larger colonies of pavement ants (Tetramorium caespitum) can destroy red imported fire ant colonies, leading entomologists to conclude that this conflict between the two species may help impede the spread of the red imported fire ant. Individuals infected by SINV-1 can be killed faster than healthy individuals by Monomorium chinense. This means that ants infected with SINV-1 are weaker than their healthy counterparts and more than likely will be eliminated by M. chinense. However, major workers, whether they are infected or not, are rarely killed. In areas it is native to, the red imported fire ant is still a dominant species and coexists with 28 ant species in gallery forest gaps and ten species in xerophytic forest grassland, winning most aggressive interactions with other ants. However, some ants can be co-dominant in areas where they coexist such as the Argentine ant, where they compete symmetrically. Workers regularly engage in food competition with other ants, and can suppress the exploitation of food resources from honeydew-producing hemipterans (specifically from Phenacoccus solenopsis) from native ants; however, red imported fire ants are unable to eliminate T. melanocephalum completely although they consume a higher proportion of food. Instead, the two ants may peacefully coexist and share the honeydew. When encountering neighboring fire ants, workers may take on death-feigning behaviours to avoid them with success. However, such behaviour is only seen in young workers, as older workers either flee or fight back when threatened. As mentioned, red imported fire ants and Argentine ants compete with each other. Mortality rates vary in different scenarios (i.e. mortality rates in colony confrontation is lower than those confronting each other in the field). Major workers can also withstand more injuries to their bodies, thus increasing the mortality rate of Argentine ants. For an Argentine ant colony to successfully wipe out a monogyne colony of 160,000 workers, the colony would need 396,800 workers. A colony that has reduced in size due to successful bait treatment are prone to predation by Argentine ants. The ants may play a vital role in removing weakened fire ant colonies, and they may also be important in slowing the spread of these fire ants, especially in heavily infested Argentine ant areas. Despite this, Argentine ant populations in the southeastern United States have declined following the introduction of the red imported fire ant. Mutualism Red imported fire ants have formed a relationship with an invasive mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis. Colony growth is known to increase if ants have access to resources produced by P. solenopsis, and the population density of these mealybugs is significantly higher in areas where red imported fire ants are present (the spread of P. solenopsis in areas it is not native is attributed to the presence of the ants). As well as that, the life expectancy and reproductive rate of P. solenopsis both increase. These mealybugs may even be transported by workers back to their nest. Predation of P. solenopsis decreases due to tending workers interfering with the predation and parasitism by natural enemies. Mealybugs are preyed on by the lady beetle (Menochilus sexmaculatus) and are hosts of two parasites (Aenasius bambawalei and ) if there are no ants present, but this is different if ants are present. Lady beetles are less frequently seen on plants with red imported fire ants, and the rate of "mummy" nymphs is significantly lower. This is clearly evident as scientists observed that cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) populations, and the predation of sentinel bollworm eggs, increased in areas with red imported fire ant presence. Red imported fire ants have developed a mutual relationship with another mealybug (Dysmicoccus morrisoni). The ants promote the colony growth of D. morrisoni through protection, covering the colonies up with debris and collecting the honeydew they secrete. Toxicology The toxicology of red imported fire ant venom has been relatively well studied. The venom is important to the ant, enabling it to capture its prey and to defend itself. Some 14 million people are stung annually in the United States, who may suffer reactions ranging from mild eczema to anaphylactic shock. Most common reactions to fire ant stings are a burning sensation at the sting site, followed by urticaria and pustule formation. Some victims may develop a more serious allergic reaction which can be life-threatening. The venom is mainly composed of insoluble alkaloids with a minor watery phase containing some 46 proteins of which four are reported as allergens. Effective immunotherapy is available. Relationship with humans As pests Because of their notoriety and invasive behaviour, red imported fire ants are considered pests. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration estimates more than $5 billion is spent annually on medical treatment, damage, and control in infested areas. In Texas alone, red imported fire ants caused $300 million in damages for livestock, wildlife and public health. Approximately $36 per American household, and more than $250 million has been spent to control and eradicate red imported fire ants. Private agencies spend $25 to $40 million on pesticides annually. Unsuccessful eradication in Australia may cost the economy billions in damages annually and, based on a Queensland government study, the estimated cost could reach $43 billion over 30 years. Red imported fire ants thrive in urban areas, especially in backyards, golf courses, parks, recreational areas, school grounds, and street verges, in which their presence may deter outdoor activities. If they enter homes or properties, they can harm pets if they are caged, penned, tied or cannot escape. Nests can be built under pavements or even roads, as well as under driveways, foundations, lawns, edges of sidewalks, under patio slabs, in electrical boxes or near power lines. A colony can excavate huge quantities of soil, resulting in structural problems in driveways, pavings and walls, and can also cause the formation of potholes in roads. Additional damage by mounds can be inflicted on trees, yard plants, and pipes; some structures may also collapse. Colonies may migrate into human homes after heavy rain to take refuge from saturated soil. Not only do they thrive in urban areas, red imported fire ants can damage equipment and infrastructure and impact business, land, and property values. They are also attracted to electricity; electrically stimulated workers release venom alkaloids, alarm pheromones, and recruitment pheromones, which in return attracts more workers to the site. As a result, red imported fire ants can destroy electrical equipment. This is known as magnetism, where scientists have identified internal magnetic materials which may play a role in orientation behaviours. They are known to chew through electrical insulation which causes damage to electric motors, irrigation lines, pumps, signal boxes, transformers, telephone exchanges, and other equipment. Colonies aggregate near electrical fields and are capable of causing short circuits or interfering with switches and equipment such as air conditioners, computers, and water pumps. They are also known to infest airport landing areas and traffic lights. In 2002, the farm gate value of decorative producing nurseries in Orange, Los Angeles, and San Diego counties was $1.3 billion. According to author Les Greenberg of the Center for Invasive Species Research, roughly 40% of crops are produced in these three counties, making it one of the major crops in these areas. “The value of California's entire nursery industry in 2002 was estimated at $2.6 billion” (Greenberg, 1). This business is already feeling the effects of quarantine laws that need pesticide soaking before imports can begin. Immediate costs include the spraying of insecticides to all plants in restricted zones. In agriculture The red imported fire ant is a significant agricultural pest in areas where it is not native. They are capable of damaging crops, and they threaten pastures and orchards. The mounds themselves can destroy agricultural equipment such as irrigation systems and damage machinery during harvest time. The ants are known to invade soybean crops causing lower yields, and could cause $156 million in losses for soybean crops in the southeastern United States. Reports from Georgia and North Carolina claim that 16.8 to 49.1 kg/ha of soybeans could not be harvested due to interference from fire ant mounds; combine harvesters skipped over the mounds preventing the crops from being harvested, and farmers raised the cutter bars on their combine harvesters to avoid impacting the mounds. The feeding behaviour of red imported fire ants can result in significant damage to many other crops, including: beans, cabbage, citrus, corn, cucumber, eggplant, okra, peanut, potato, sorghum, sunflower, and sweet potato. The ants also interfere with plants' root systems and feed on young growth. Sometimes, colonies build mounds around or near the base of citrus trees chew off new growth and feed on the flowers or developing fruit. Citrus trees are often girdled or killed. Despite its pest status and notoriety, the red imported fire ant can be beneficial. The ant is an effective insect predator, so it may serve as a biological agent against other pest species, especially in sugarcane fields. Pest insects the ant kills include: boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis) in cotton crops, sugarcane borers (Diatraea saccharalis) in sugarcane fields, horn flies (Haematobia irritans) in manure, velvetbean caterpillars (Anticarsia gemmatalis) in soybeans, and whiteflies that are found in greenhouses. A number of studies indicate that red imported fire ants do not interfere or attack insects of economic importance in cotton fields, which has resulted in many farmers in the southeastern regions of the United States viewing red imported fire ants as beneficial. However, some scientists have suggested that the beneficial status of the red imported fire ant is hard to predict when geography, plant size, season, soil moisture and the use of insecticides are not considered. These factors may lower the efficacy of red imported fire ants as pest control agents. Another factor is that workers are indiscriminate and kill beneficial insects such as predators that eat horn flies and other pests in pastures and predators of aphids and scale insects. They also reduce the efficacy of parasitic wasps against pest species by eating the larvae and pupae. Control In comparison to other ant species like Anoplolepis gracilipes, which rapidly take over areas they have been contained in, red imported fire ants are fairly easy to control. The first proposals to controlling the ant occurred in 1957 when the United States Congress authorised an eradication program using federal and state funding. Research on the ant and its biology has been continuous after the establishment of an eradication program, and many chemicals were used to eliminate them. However, scientists discovered that these insecticides were killing native fauna, and the Environmental Protection Agency subsequently outlawed them. Some scientists even questioned whether the ants were pests or not. Today, it is unlikely that the red imported fire ant will be eradicated in areas such as the United States. Populations can be managed properly if an integrated approach is used. Some scientists have considered using the ants' natural enemies against it; this includes Kneallhazia solenopsae and B. bassiana. Phorid flies have also been viewed as potential biological agents, as they can reduce foraging activity in red imported fire ants and affect population levels. However, they are unable to affect colony growth rate. In addition, parasitic ants, parasitic wasps, mites, other pathogens, nematodes, and fungi have been considered to be potential biological agents. Others suggest that populations can be maintained or reduced by manipulating several ecological factors. Several baits have been used to control populations. Mounds are destroyed in a matter of weeks if baits are used on them. Baits are considered to be effective and simple to use against red imported fire ants, in comparison to drenching, dusting, or fumigating. They are sprinkled onto the mound then the ants take and consume them. Certain baits such as growth regulator baits, and boric acid-sucrose water baits, benefit native fauna and low concentrations are usually required to kill a colony. Others baits used against red imported fire ants include Amdro, Ascend, hydramethylnon, and Maxforce. Solid and liquid bait insecticides, if improperly applied in a location, may be moved through waterflow in to unintended water sources. Often, this happens through non-point sources including many diffuse sources. As snow melts and rainfall moves over and through the ground, the water picks up improperly applied insecticides and deposits them in to larger bodies of water, rivers, wetlands, or percolates in to watersheds. Researchers have also been experimenting with other methods, such as fumigation, injecting the mound, mound drenching, and surface dusting. Mound drenching entails pouring large volumes of toxic liquid into the mound. While this may affect a large portion of the mound, it is possible it may not reach the queen, thus preventing the destruction of the colony. Surface dusting is similar to mound drenching, except insecticides are applied on top of the mound and soak into the soil when wet. Mound injections use pressurising and injecting insecticides into the mound, but the queen may not be affected by this. Mounds can be eliminated effectively through fumigation. Broadcast treatment is sometimes used by spraying infected areas with agricultural equipment. Finally, spot treatment with insecticides can be used by drilling and injecting the mound with residual insecticide. Aside from chemical control, other methods that can be employed against these ants include mechanical and electrical devices. However, it is unknown whether or not these devices are effective. Ant-proofing can be effective against colonies nesting inside buildings by caulking and sealing cracks, which successfully suppresses the population outside the walls. Homeowners have used their own methods to remove mounds by pouring boiling water on them or igniting them with flammable liquids. Although these methods may be effective, they are not recommended because they can be harmful to humans and the environment. Notes References Footnotes Bibliography External links Website Books and journals about the red imported fire ant at Biodiversity Heritage Library Books and journals about the red imported fire ant at Internet Archive National Red Imported Fire Ant Eradication Program – Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Imported Fire Ants – United States Department of Agriculture Solenopsis invicta at the AntWiki – Bringing Ants to the World The S. invicta Genome Project – Hymenoptera Genome Database project Species Profile - Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Media Footage of phorid flies parasitising fire ants – Captured by BBC, published by the University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences Red Fire Ants – published by National Geographic at YouTube Casting a Fire Ant Colony with Molten Aluminum at YouTube News coverage The Incredible Floating Fire Ant – The Washington Post'', 2011 Solenopsis (ant) Hymenoptera of Asia Hymenoptera of Australia Hymenoptera of North America Hymenoptera of South America Insects described in 1916 Insects described in 1972 Scavengers Agricultural pest insects Biological pest control insects Insects used as insect pest control agents Pest insects Household pest insects

César Gabriel de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin (, 15 August 1712 – 15 November 1785) was a French officer, diplomat and statesman. Early life Born into an illustrious House of Choiseul, he was the elder son of Hubert de Choiseul, Marquis de Choiseul, Count de La Rivière (d. 1727) and his wife, Henriette Louise de Beauvau (d. 1737). Career After having served in the Army, he was appointed in 1756 ambassador in Vienna to Emperor Francis I and Queen Maria Theresa of Hungary. In 1761, he was plenipotentiary to the Augsburg Convention. From 13 October 1761 to 8 April 1766, he served as Secretary of State (minister) for Foreign Affairs, replacing in this office his cousin Étienne de Choiseul (who became in 1763 Secretary of State for War and for Navy). He was lieutenant general of the Armies. In 1763, he was made duke of Praslin and peer of France. He negotiated the peace that ended the Seven Years' War and was Louis XV's plenipotentiary for the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris, which he signed, on 10 February 1763. From 10 April 1766 to 24 December 1770, he served as Secretary of State for the Navy (his cousin Étienne then taking back the department of Foreign Affairs in addition to that of War). During his term in office, he restored the strength of the Navy, which had been severely damaged during the Seven Years' War. After the death, in 1764, of Madame de Pompadour, who had been their protector, the position of César Gabriel and his cousin Étienne was undermined. He fell from grace in Louis XV's court and withdrew from public affairs in 1770, at the height of the Falkland Crisis involving Britain and Spain. He was replaced at the Navy by abbé Terray. His titles included marquis of Choiseul, count of Chevigny and of La Rivière, viscount of Melun and of Vaux, baron of La Flèche and of Giry, lord of Chassy. He was made a knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit on 1 January 1762. He was made an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences on 15 December 1769. Praslin Island, one of the Seychelles, was named after him. The villages of Choiseul and Praslin in Saint Lucia are also named after him. Personal life On 30 April 1732, he married Anne Marie de Champagne (1714-1783). They had a son and a daughter: Renaud César de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin (1735-1791); married in 1754 Guyonne Marguerite de Durfort (1739-1806) and had issue Elisabeth Céleste Adélaide de Choiseul (1737-1768); married in 1752 Florent Alexandre Melchior de La Baume, Count of Montrevel (d. 1794); they divorced in 1760 without issue 1712 births 1785 deaths Ambassadors of France to Austria Dukes of Choiseul 18th-century French diplomats Peers created by Louis XV Secretaries of State of Ancien Régime France Secretaries of State of the Navy (France) French people of the Seven Years' War Members of the French Academy of Sciences Choiseul family

The Chirk Viaduct () is a Grade II* listed railway viaduct over the River Ceiriog between England and Wales. The viaduct carries the Shrewsbury–Chester line from the Welsh town of Chirk in historic Denbighshire from the north to the English village of Chirk Bank in Weston Rhyn, Shropshire to the south. Chirk Aqueduct lies parallel to the viaduct's east. Description The viaduct was designed by Henry Robertson, chief engineer of the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, to carry the railway line across the meadows of the Vale of Ceiriog between Chirk and Chirk Bank partly in both Wales and England. The England–Wales border bisects the structure at an approximately 45° angle from south-west to north-east. It was built between 1846 and 1848, by Thomas Brassey, with it also undergoing a partial rebuilding in 1858–1859. The viaduct runs parallel to the Chirk Aqueduct, built in 1801, which lies to the viaduct's east. The viaduct was initially built with only ten arches, despite the original design to contain sixteen stone arches. Before construction, the initial sixteen-arch structure was reduced to ten over engineering issues concerning the river piers. In Robertson's original design it would have required two piers being constructed into the slopes of the valleys either side. Due to the slope's proximity to neighbouring Chirk Aqueduct and the shaky state of its abutments, it was deemed during the initial construction that constructing two piers would have been dangerous work and expensive. As a result, the design was modified with the viaduct's end piers at the foot of the valley's bank, converted into an abutment, and a long laminated timber arch built to connect to the stone viaduct. The timber arches were later replaced ten years later, with three stone arches at either end added, bringing the total number of arches to sixteen as first designed. The viaduct, along with the Cefn Viaduct to the north, were built for the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway to address the demand for increasing rail freight transport demand between Wrexham, Chester and Shrewsbury which were not being met by the existing canal system. The railway line became part of the Great Western Railway (GWR) in 1854, and was not converted to GWR's Broad gauge. Design The viaduct contains rock-faced ashlar stone with yellow engineering brick to soffits of its central section. It stands at high above the river, with its central section consisting of ten elliptical semicircular arches between pedimented abutments, and built in 1848. The central arches contain rock-faced pointed voussoirs, projecting keystones and moulded imposts struck through to soffit; modillioned cornice and plain parapet. The abutments have shallow pediments supported on corbelled cornices and round-headed niches with mounded impost bands and projecting moulded keystones. There are three further stone arches at each end, which were added in 1858–1859 replacing the pre-existing timber arches. The viaduct is long. References Bridges completed in 1848 Bridges in Shropshire Bridges in Wrexham County Borough Chirk Grade II* listed bridges in England Grade II* listed bridges in Wales Grade II* listed buildings in Shropshire Grade II* listed buildings in Wrexham County Borough Grade II* listed railway bridges and viaducts Railway viaducts in England Railway viaducts in Wales

Saran is a village in the Yaba Department of Nayala Province in north-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 1,095. References Populated places in the Boucle du Mouhoun Region Nayala Province

Floyd Cheung is an American literary scholar, poet, and academic. He is a professor in the English Department and American Studies Program, former Director of the Sherrerd Center for Teaching and Learning, and current Vice President for Equity and Inclusion at Smith College. Cheung is most known for his works in English Language and Literature, with a primary focus on American studies, American literature, Asian American literature, and cultural analysis. He has edited numerous volumes featuring lesser-known authors, such as The Hanging on Union Square by H. T. Tsiang and John Okada: The Life and Rediscovered Work of the Author of No-No Boy. Education Born in Hong Kong and raised in Las Vegas, Cheung obtained a BA in English from Whittier College in 1992 followed by a MA in English from Tulane University in 1993. Later, he obtained a PhD in English from the same institution in 1999. Career Cheung began his academic career in 1996 as a visiting instructor at Mount Holyoke College's English Department and served until 1999. In the same year he joined Smith College, where he held multiple appointments, including serving as visiting lecturer for a brief period, assistant professor from 1999 to 2007, and associate professor from 2007 to 2017. As of 2017, he is professor in the English Department and American Studies Program at Smith College. Cheung was the Sherrerd Center for Teaching and Learning Director at Smith College from 2014 to 2019. As of 2019 he has been the position of vice president for equity and inclusion at Smith College. Research Cheung's literary research has won him the 2006 Fred Ho Fellowship from Asian American Studies Institute at the University of Connecticut and the 2019 American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation. He has authored numerous publications spanning the field of Asian American literature, psychology, and American studies including essays and articles in peer-reviewed journals. Asian-American studies Cheung's literary research on Asian American studies has investigated the historical and political contexts that have shaped Asian American literature and has provided insights on the social, cultural, and political influences on the creation and reception of literary works. His early research focused on Tsiang's life and work, primarily his contributions to Chinese American culture and literature and concluded that despite possessing a complex and multifaceted persona, Tsiang made noteworthy advancements in Chinese American literature and culture, demonstrated exceptional writing skills, exhibited fervent activism, and displayed unwavering dedication as an intellectual. While analyzing the concept of "strategic hybridity" in early Japanese and Chinese American literature, he examined the works of Sadakichi Hartmann, Yung Wing, and H. T. Tsiang and lauded their efforts and contributions towards cultural advancement within their specific historical context on the complex and diverse struggles of Asian American identity during the period of exclusion. Cheung's research on recovering early American literature has emphasized the necessity of recognizing and addressing the various biases, whether political, personal, or institutional, that hinder the appreciation of certain writers or forms of writing. Moreover, his work has stressed the importance of active engagement in scholarly discussions concerning interpretation and significance, while remaining cautious of the persistent risk of the "redisappearance" that constantly threatens the recognition and relevance of recovered authors or works. Focusing his research efforts on the origins of Chinese American autobiography, his work has provided an account of the field's development, spanning from its inception in the 1800s to the contemporary era and has offered an analysis of various aspect of Asian American literature encompassing themes such as autobiographical accounts, literature stemming from the internment of Japanese Americans, and performances centered around social protest. Educational and everyday psychology In his investigation of effective teaching strategies, Cheung's work provided techniques for professors to create safe conditions for students to start creating and listening to diverse ideas including the use of post-its to initiate conversation and inviting students to say more. The study also recommended implementing Peggy O'Neill's critical conversations model and Tasha Souza's ACTION response protocol to move a class discussion from a promising start toward true scholarly debate. Concentrating his research efforts on individualizing the teaching and learning process, he advocated the use of preparatory notes as a means to promote student preparation, offer personalized feedback, and foster a sense of trust between students and instructors. The study further suggested that preparatory notes serve as a low-risk approach to maintain students within the "zone of proximal development" and strengthen their perception of personal value. Furthermore, his work on everyday psychology has also included an exploration of the concept of microresistance, shedding light on its potential application in addressing microaggression in daily interactions, showcasing its varied forms that could be used before, during, or after a microaggressive incident. Additionally, he emphasized the importance of proactive alliances and acts of benevolence in supporting individuals facing microaggressions, while simultaneously empowering oneself. Awards and honors 2002 – Woodrow Wilson Career Enhancement Fellowship 2006 – Fred Ho Fellowship, Asian American Studies Institute, University of Connecticut 2012 – Sherrerd Prize for Distinguished Teaching, Smith College 2019 – American Book Award, Before Columbus Foundation Selected articles Cheung, F. (2019). Preparatory Notes as a Way to Individualize Teaching and Learning. The National Teaching and Learning Forum Cheung, F. (2019). Strategic Hybridity in Early Chinese and Japanese American Literature. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture. Cheung, F., Souza, T., & Ganote, C. (2021). Proactive Microresistance in a Microaggressive World. Faculty Focus. Edited volumes And China Has Hands. By H. T. Tsiang. 1937. Edited by Floyd Cheung with introduction and textual notes. New York: Ironweed, 2003. Recovered Legacies: Authority and Identity in Early Asian American Literature. Eds. Keith Lawrence and Floyd Cheung. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 2005. Holy Prayers in a Horse's Ear. By Kathleen Tamagawa. 1932. Eds. Elena Creef, Greg Robinson, Shirley Lim, and Floyd Cheung. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 2008. Naming Jhumpa Lahiri: Canons and Controversies. Eds. Lavina Dhingra and Floyd Cheung. New York: Lexington-Rowman and Littlefield, 2012. The Hanging on Union Square. By H. T. Tsiang. 1935. Edited by Floyd Cheung with afterword, chronology, and textual notes. Los Angeles: Kaya, 2013. Sadakichi Hartmann: Collected Poems, 1886–1944. Edited by Floyd Cheung with introduction, chronology, and note on legacy. Stroud, UK: Little Island, 2016. And China Has Hands. By H. T. Tsiang. 1937. Edited by Floyd Cheung with afterword, chronology, and textual notes. Los Angeles: Kaya, 2016. John Okada: The Life and Rediscovered Work of the Author of No-No Boy. Edited by Frank Abe, Greg Robinson, and Floyd Cheung. Seattle: U of Washington P, 2018. Defiant Vision: Prints and Poetry by Munio Makuuchi. Curated by Aprile Gallant and Floyd Cheung. Smith College Museum of Art, 2019. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture. Edited by Josephine Lee, Floyd Cheung, Jennifer Ho, Anita Mannur, and Cathy Schlund-Vials. New York: Oxford UP, 2019. The Hanging on Union Square. By H. T. Tsiang. 1935. Edited by Floyd Cheung with afterword and textual notes. New York: Penguin Classics, 2019. References Living people Whittier College alumni Tulane University School of Liberal Arts alumni 21st-century American poets Literary scholars Year of birth missing (living people) Smith College faculty 21st-century American academics

The 2018 Canadian Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Grand Prix Heineken du Canada 2018) is a Formula One motor race that took place on 10 June 2018 at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The race was the 7th round of the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship. The race was won by Sebastian Vettel of Ferrari. It was Vettel's 50th career win, becoming the fourth driver in Formula One history to achieve such a feat (joining Michael Schumacher, Lewis Hamilton and Alain Prost). It was the 55th running of the Canadian Grand Prix, the 49th time the event had been included as a round of the Formula One World Championship since the inception of the series in , and the 39th time that a World Championship was held at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. Fernando Alonso also celebrated his 300th Grand Prix entry at this race. This race was Ferrari's first win in Canada since Michael Schumacher won here in 2004. Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton went in to the race as the defending race winner. He entered the round with a 14-point lead over Sebastian Vettel in the World Drivers' Championship. In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes held a 17-point lead over Ferrari. Report Background Tyres The tyre compounds provided for this race were the hypersoft, ultrasoft and supersoft. Practice Max Verstappen was fastest across all three practice sessions, improving his time in each successive session. In FP2, Grosjean hit a groundhog that was on the track, damaging his front wing, and reducing the Haas team's spare parts. Qualifying Romain Grosjean's car had a major engine failure as it left the pitlane in Q1 meaning he failed to set a lap time, and raced at the stewards' discretion. In Q2, when Sebastian Vettel was completing his final flying lap, he aborted the lap because Carlos Sainz, Nico Hülkenberg and a number of other cars were driving slowly along the back straight, leading him to pull into the pits. In Q3, Vettel took pole with a new track record however his teammate made a mistake in Turn 2, meaning he would qualify in P5. Race The grid got away largely without incident from the line, but in turn 5, Brendon Hartley and local driver Lance Stroll collided, forcing their immediate retirement and the deployment of the safety car. At the restart, Sergio Pérez touched Sainz, forcing Pérez off the track, losing positions. On Lap 18, Daniel Ricciardo overcut Lewis Hamilton for the fourth position. On lap 43, Fernando Alonso retired from the race with an exhaust issue. Race officials erroneously directed model Winnie Harlow to wave the chequered flag before race leader Vettel completed lap 69 (the scheduled penultimate lap) and therefore the results were taken from lap 68, according to the Formula 1 sporting regulations article 43.2. This meant that Ricciardo's successively faster laps on laps 69 and 70 were voided, and Sergio Pérez's overtake on Kevin Magnussen for 13th did not stand. Classification Qualifying Notes  – Pierre Gasly received a ten-place grid penalty for his power unit change.  – Romain Grosjean failed to set a lap time during qualifying. He was allowed to race at the stewards' discretion. Race Championship standings after the race Drivers' Championship standings Constructors' Championship standings Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. References External links Canadian Grand Prix Canadian Grand Prix Canadian Grand Prix 2010s in Montreal 2018 in Quebec

W. H. Rorke was an American college football player and coach. He was the fifth head football coach at New York University (NYU), serving for two seasons, from 1901 to 1902, and leading the NYU Violets to a record of 9–6–1. The one tie game he coached was in the 1901 season against Union on November 23. The game ended in a score of 11–11. He attended Poly Prep Country Day School as well as NYU, playing football at the latter. Head coaching record References Year of birth missing Year of death missing NYU Violets football coaches NYU Violets football players Poly Prep alumni

Tranqueras is a city in the Rivera Department of northeastern Uruguay. Geography The city is located on Route 30, about (via Routes 5 and 30) south-southwest of Rivera, the capital city of the department. History During the first decades of the 19th century the area was known as Paso de Tranqueras because of the homonymous bridge over the Tacuarembó Grande river. In 1890 the French Marcos Bourré donated to the state some land for the construction of a railway station. The arrival of the railway became the birth point of a village which grew rapidly with hotels, stores and small industry. On 22 July 1914 it was declared a "Pueblo" (village) by the Act of Ley Nº 5.107, and on 15 October 1963, its status was elevated to "Villa" (town) by the Act of Ley Nº 13.167. Finally, on 13 December 1994 its status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) by the Act of Ley Nº 16.667. Population In 2011 Tranqueras had a population of 7,235. This makes it the second largest populated place of the department. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay Notable people Jonathan Deniz, football player Carlos Olmedo, tango singer and composer Washington Ortega, football player Brian Rodríguez, football player Richard Sander, politician, Intendant of Rivera Places of worship Sacred Heart Parish Church (Roman Catholic) References External links INE map of Tranqueras Intendencia Departamental de Rivera / Tranqueras Populated places in the Rivera Department

The Nesselsdorf type B is an automobile from the veteran era manufactured by (NW, now known as Tatra). Initially two cars were made under name Neuer Vierer (New Fourseater) in year 1901, but later the same car was manufactured under the name type B in 1902 - 1904 (36 made). In 1904 also another variant of the design was made (8 pieces). The car was initially a four-seater, but later also other variants were made (including 6-seater). The car had rectangular frame, 12 horsepower engine located under the floor, in front of the rear axle. The fuel tank, reservoir for the coolant as well as the radiator were located under the front hood. The steering column with a steering wheel was inclined. The subsequent types C, D, E, F were produced in small numbers. Apart from the E they had flat-four water-cooled engines, transversely mounted, directly under the driver's floorboard. References Cars of the Czech Republic Tatra vehicles Cars introduced in 1901 1900s cars Veteran vehicles Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles

The 32nd and 33rd Post Headquarters Companies were two all-black units of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), later becoming the Women's Army Corps (WAC). The two companies were incorporated by fall of 1942 and consisted of 330 members total. They were the first group of WAACs assigned to a military installation inside the United States during World War II. The 32nd and 33rd were assigned to Fort Huachuca, where there was an all-black division of U.S. Army men. History The 32nd and 33rd Post Headquarters Companies started out as Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC). When the WAACs changed to WAC, many of the black women who had joined stayed on as WACs. The black women enlisted in the WAACs started out in Fort Des Moines, Iowa, for training, and where they lived in segregated conditions from the white WAACs. The 32nd and 33rd Post Headquarters Companies arrived at Fort Huachuca, Arizona on 4 December 1942. The WAACs arrived by five Pullman cars and were greeted by approximately 10,000 welcomers at the station. A new unit, including six barracks, two mess halls, and an administration building, was built in preparation for the women's arrival. A large recreation area for the WAACs was also built. This was about 500 feet long by 60 feet wide and included a basketball court and places to play volleyball, softball and tennis. After getting off the train, the WAACs stood in formation for the post commander, Colonel Edwin N. Hardy to review the troops on the parade field. The primary duties of the 32nd and 33rd Post Headquarters Companies were to take over post support duties at Fort Huachuca from the 93rd Infantry Division, releasing them for "possible combat assignments." Jobs that the 32nd and 33rd companies took over included working as typists, stenographers, clerks, messengers, receptionists, switch-board operators, librarians, medical technicians, photographers and postal clerks, who were also known to the male soldiers as "postal packin' mamas." The 32nd and 33rd Post Headquarters Companies had several officers, including Corrie Sherard, Frances C. Alexander, Geraldine Bright, Vera Harrison, Natalie F. Donaldson, Mildred L. Osby, and Violet Askins. Alexander was 2nd Lieutenant, and led the 32nd company. Mary Kearney, 2nd Lieutenant was commander of the 33rd. The companies served until late 1945, when they were disbanded. References External links Members of the 32nd and 33rd playing basketball (image) Numbered companies of the United States Army Sustainment and support units and formations of the United States Army Military units and formations of the United States Army in World War II African-American history of the United States military Military units and formations established in 1942 Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 African-American women's organizations Postal history of the United States Women's Army Corps

Jarosław Lipszyc (born 1975) - Polish poet and journalist, president of the board of Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska (Modern Poland Foundation) and of the Koalicja Otwartej Edukacji (Open Education Coalition), free culture activist. He has been decorated with the Gold Cross of Merit. He published three volumes of poetry: bólion w kostce (Warszawa 1997, Lampa i Iskra Boża) poczytalnia (Warszawa 2000, Lampa i Iskra Boża) Mnemotechniki (Warszawa 2008) References External links Jarosław Lipszyc 1975 births Living people Polish activists Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland) Polish male poets 20th-century Polish Jews Open content activists

Camus or Camas is a small village in the Connemara Gaeltacht of County Galway, Ireland. It is between Casla and An Teach Dóite, and is divided into Camas Uachtair and Camas Íochtair, as well as several other townlands, such as Scríob, Gleann Trasna, Leitir Móir, and Doire Bhainbh. The village has the highest percentage of Irish language speakers in the Gaeltacht. Name The names Camus and Camas are both used. However Camus, which has been in use for generations in both Irish and English, has been retained by the great majority of the population. The name in Irish refers to the shape of the nearby bay in which the tides come and go through the narrow strait at Dun Manus and enter Camus bay at an angle. The explanation of the name sometimes given - 'cam uisce' or crooked water - is etymologically unsustainable. Camus is also known in song as Camus na bhFoirnéis, meaning "Camus of the furnaces". It is believed that a small foundry was operated near the small bridge at the centre of the area in the 18th century. Notable buildings The former Camus national school, in Derry townland, was built in 1876. The nearby Roman Catholic church, St Mary's Church, was completed in 1897. See also Connacht Irish List of towns and villages in Ireland Lettermuckoo Muckanaghederdauhaulia References Towns and villages in County Galway Gaeltacht places in County Galway Gaeltacht towns and villages

Christina Hamill (born 31 January 2000) is a field hockey player from Ireland. Career Under–21 Christina Hamill made her debut for the Ireland U–21 team in 2019 during a four–nations tournament in Dublin. She went on to represent the team again at the EuroHockey Junior Championship in Valencia later that year. In 2022, she was a member of the team at the FIH Junior World Cup in Potchefstroom. National team Following her successful career in the junior squad, Hamill was named in the national team for the 2022 FIH World Cup in Terrassa and Amsterdam. References External links 2000 births Living people Irish female field hockey players Female field hockey defenders